💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- Raises HDL cholesterol by 21.4% (9.31 mg/dL) according to a meta-analysis of 13 RCTs with 35,206 participants, though this does not translate to reduced cardiovascular events.[Evidence: A][5]
- Reduces nonmelanoma skin cancers by 23% when taken as nicotinamide 500mg twice daily for 12 months in high-risk individuals.[Evidence: B][6]
- Does NOT reduce mortality or cardiovascular events despite improving lipid profiles, per Cochrane meta-analysis of 23 RCTs (n=39,195).[Evidence: A][7]
- Nicotinamide under 1,500mg daily does not require clinical monitoring according to an overview of 14 systematic reviews on adverse effects.[Evidence: A][1]
Niacin (vitamin B3) is one of eight essential B vitamins your body needs for energy production and cellular health. If you have been researching whether niacin supplements might benefit your health, you are not alone. Interest in vitamin B3 has grown significantly, driven by research on cholesterol management, skin cancer prevention, and the trendy NAD+ longevity connection.
It is common to feel overwhelmed by conflicting information about niacin. Some sources praise its cholesterol benefits while others warn about safety concerns. This guide cuts through the confusion with evidence from 16 peer-reviewed studies, helping you understand what niacin can and cannot do. You will learn about the different forms, proper dosages, potential benefits, and important safety considerations to discuss with your healthcare provider.
❓ Quick Answers
What is niacin?
Niacin is a water-soluble B vitamin (B3) that your body uses to convert food into energy. It exists in two main forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (niacinamide). Adults need 14-16mg daily from foods like meat, fish, nuts, and fortified grains. Niacin is essential for synthesizing NAD and NADP coenzymes involved in over 400 biochemical reactions.[Evidence: B][10]
How does niacin work in the body?
Niacin converts to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and NADP+, coenzymes that shuttle electrons during metabolism. The kynurenine pathway processes 95% of dietary tryptophan into NAD+.[Evidence: B][10] These coenzymes support energy production, DNA repair, and cellular signaling throughout your body.
What foods are high in niacin?
Rich niacin sources include chicken breast (11.4mg per 3oz), tuna (8.6mg per 3oz), turkey (10mg per 3oz), beef liver (14.9mg per 3oz), peanuts (4.2mg per 1oz), and fortified cereals (20-27mg per serving). Your body also converts the amino acid tryptophan from protein foods into niacin at a rate of approximately 60mg tryptophan to 1mg niacin.
What are the benefits of niacin?
Research shows niacin increases HDL cholesterol by 21.4% (9.31 mg/dL) and reduces apolipoprotein B by 24.37 mg/dL.[Evidence: A][5][11] Nicotinamide (500mg twice daily) reduced nonmelanoma skin cancers by 23% in high-risk patients.[Evidence: B][6] However, niacin does not reduce cardiovascular mortality despite improving lipid markers.
How much niacin should I take daily?
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 14mg for women and 16mg for men. The tolerable upper intake level is 35mg daily from supplements, though a meta-analysis suggests adverse effects mainly occur above 1,000mg daily of nicotinic acid.[Evidence: A][4] Therapeutic doses for cholesterol range from 500-3,000mg daily under medical supervision.
Is niacin safe to take every day?
Dietary niacin from food is safe for daily consumption. Nicotinamide supplements under 1,500mg daily do not require clinical monitoring according to a review of 14 systematic reviews.[Evidence: A][1] Higher doses of nicotinic acid require medical supervision due to flushing, liver concerns, and blood sugar effects.
What is niacin flush?
Niacin flush is a harmless but uncomfortable side effect of nicotinic acid causing skin redness, warmth, and tingling. It occurs through prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation, typically starting 15-30 minutes after ingestion and lasting 1-2 hours. Taking aspirin 30 minutes before, using extended-release forms, or taking with food can reduce flushing intensity.
What is the difference between niacin and niacinamide?
Niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (nicotinamide) are both vitamin B3 forms that convert to NAD+. Nicotinic acid causes flushing and affects cholesterol levels, while nicotinamide does not cause flushing and is used for skin cancer prevention. Nicotinamide 500mg twice daily reduced skin cancers by 23% in a Phase 3 trial.[Evidence: B][6]
🔬 How Does Niacin Work?
Understanding how niacin functions in your body helps explain both its benefits and limitations. At its core, niacin serves as the raw material for two critical coenzymes that power cellular metabolism.
Think of NAD+ as a tiny molecular shuttle bus that picks up and drops off electrons throughout your cells. Every time you eat food, these shuttle buses carry energy from digestion to the cellular machinery that keeps you alive. Without enough niacin, these buses cannot run, and your cells struggle to produce energy efficiently.
The NAD+ Connection
Once consumed, niacin converts to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its phosphate form NADP+. The kynurenine pathway accounts for 95% of dietary tryptophan catabolism and produces NAD+ through this route.[Evidence: B][10] TDO and IDO enzymes control the rate of this pathway, with regulatory mechanisms differing between tissue types.
NAD+ levels decline with age, which has sparked interest in niacin-related supplements for longevity.[Evidence: D][16] A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) significantly elevates blood NAD+ levels, though clinically relevant outcomes like glucose and triglycerides did not significantly differ from placebo.[Evidence: A][8]
Cholesterol Effects
Niacin affects lipid metabolism through multiple pathways. A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs (n=35,206) demonstrated that niacin increases HDL cholesterol by 21.4% (9.31 mg/dL).[Evidence: A][5] Additionally, niacin reduced apolipoprotein B by 24.37 mg/dL and increased apolipoprotein A1 by 8.23 mg/dL in a separate meta-analysis of 12 RCTs using 500-3,000mg daily for 6-102 weeks.[Evidence: A][11]
However, improving these laboratory markers does not translate to fewer heart attacks or strokes. Think of it like polishing a car's exterior while the engine still has problems. The numbers look better, but the underlying cardiovascular risk remains unchanged.
NAD+ Precursors: NR and NMN
Newer NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) have gained attention. An RCT found NR increased blood NAD+ 2.6-fold in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, but did not alter cognition on MoCA, RBANS, or Trail Making Tests.[Evidence: B][9] Similarly, NR elevated NAD+ 2.6-3.1 fold within 5-10 weeks in long-COVID patients but did not significantly improve cognition, fatigue, sleep, anxiety, or depression versus placebo.[Evidence: B][12]
One notable exception: in patients with Werner syndrome (a rare premature aging condition), NR improved arterial stiffness (CAVI), reduced skin ulcer area, and decreased blood creatinine with no serious adverse events.[Evidence: B][13]
📊 Dosage and How to Use
Niacin dosage varies dramatically depending on your goal. Dietary requirements differ substantially from therapeutic doses used in clinical research.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
| Age/Group | RDA (mg/day) | Upper Limit (mg/day) |
|---|---|---|
| Infants 0-6 months | 2 (AI) | Not established |
| Infants 7-12 months | 4 (AI) | Not established |
| Children 1-3 years | 6 | 10 |
| Children 4-8 years | 8 | 15 |
| Children 9-13 years | 12 | 20 |
| Males 14+ years | 16 | 35 |
| Females 14+ years | 14 | 35 |
| Pregnancy | 18 | 35 |
| Lactation | 17 | 35 |
Therapeutic Dosages from Clinical Research
| Purpose/Condition | Dosage | Duration | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skin cancer chemoprevention (immunocompetent) | 500mg nicotinamide twice daily | 12 months | [B][6] |
| Lipid modification | 500-3,000mg nicotinic acid daily | 6-102 weeks | [A][11] |
| NAD+ elevation (cognitive study) | 1,000mg NR daily | 10 weeks | [B][9] |
| Adverse effect threshold | <1,000mg nicotinic acid daily | Short-term | [A][4] |
| US regulatory upper limit | 35mg daily | Chronic | [A][4] |
Important: The US tolerable upper intake level of 35mg daily may be overly cautious according to a systematic review of 47 articles (n=11,741), which found major adverse effects occur mainly at doses below 1,000mg daily of nicotinic acid in healthy individuals.[Evidence: A][4]
Timing Recommendations
Take niacin with food to reduce gastrointestinal upset and flushing. For extended-release formulations, bedtime dosing with a low-fat snack is common. Avoid alcohol and hot beverages around dosing time as these can intensify flushing.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Common Side Effects
A comprehensive overview of 14 systematic reviews documented the following adverse effects: gastrointestinal upset, liver dysfunction, flushing, skin rash, and fatigue. These effects are dose-dependent.[Evidence: A][1]
Cardiovascular Safety Concerns (2024 Research)
A Nature Medicine study identified that 4PY and 2PY metabolites (terminal niacin breakdown products) are associated with 3-year MACE risk. The 4PY metabolite induces VCAM-1 expression and vascular inflammation, and a genetic variant (rs10496731) is associated with elevated metabolites and cardiovascular risk.[Evidence: A][3]
The Niacin Paradox
Despite improving cholesterol numbers, a Cochrane meta-analysis of 23 RCTs (n=39,195) found niacin does not reduce mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke.[Evidence: A][7] A separate meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (n=35,760) confirmed no preventive association of niacin with cardiovascular outcomes in secondary prevention, though monotherapy showed benefit in non-statin populations (RR 0.74 for acute coronary syndrome and stroke).[Evidence: A][2]
Contraindications
- Severe hepatic impairment (niacin extensively metabolized hepatically)
- Unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
- Uncontrolled gout or hyperuricemia
- Active peptic ulcer disease
Drug Interactions
- Statins: No additive cardiovascular benefit when combined. FDA withdrew niacin combination therapy recommendations in 2016.[14]
- Aspirin: Taking aspirin 30 minutes before niacin reduces flushing intensity.
- Antidiabetic agents: May require dose adjustment at high niacin doses due to blood sugar effects.
Special Population: Immunosuppressed Patients
Nicotinamide 500mg twice daily for 12 months did NOT reduce keratinocyte cancers or actinic keratoses in immunosuppressed solid-organ transplant recipients, despite efficacy in immunocompetent patients.[Evidence: B][15]
🥗 Practical Ways to Use Niacin
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
Scenario 1: Skin Cancer Prevention (High-Risk Individuals)
- Dose: 500mg nicotinamide twice daily[6]
- Duration: 12 months continuous use[6]
- Population: Adults with history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (immunocompetent)
- Timing: With meals to improve tolerance
- What to track: New skin lesion development, dermatologist visits
- Expected results: 23% reduction in new nonmelanoma skin cancers[6]
- Note: Benefits discontinued after treatment cessation[6]
Scenario 2: Lipid Modification (Under Medical Supervision)
- Dose: 500-3,000mg nicotinic acid daily[11]
- Duration: 6-102 weeks[11]
- Population: Adults with dyslipidemia
- Timing: With food; extended-release at bedtime
- What to track: Lipid panel, liver enzymes, blood glucose
- Expected results: Apo B reduction of 24.37 mg/dL, Apo A1 increase of 8.23 mg/dL[11]
- Note: Does not reduce cardiovascular events despite lipid improvements[7]
Practical Integration
Store niacin supplements in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. If using nicotinic acid, start with lower doses and gradually increase to minimize flushing. Taking with food significantly reduces gastrointestinal side effects.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Expecting cardiovascular benefits from lipid improvements: Studies show improved cholesterol numbers do not translate to reduced heart attacks or strokes.[7]
- Using nicotinamide for cholesterol: Only nicotinic acid affects cholesterol. Nicotinamide does not cause flushing but also does not improve lipid profiles.
- Assuming immunosuppressed patients benefit: Nicotinamide did not reduce skin cancers in organ transplant recipients.[15]
- Inconsistent dosing: Studies used consistent daily dosing. Sporadic use may not achieve documented benefits.
⚖️ Niacin vs Nicotinamide vs NR/NMN
The different forms of vitamin B3 have distinct properties and uses. Understanding these differences helps you choose the right form for your specific goals.
| Feature | Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) | Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) | NR/NMN |
|---|---|---|---|
| Causes Flushing | Yes (vasodilation) | No | No |
| Affects Cholesterol | Yes (raises HDL 21.4%)[5] | No | No[8] |
| Skin Cancer Prevention | Not studied | Yes (23% reduction)[6] | Not established |
| Raises NAD+ | Yes | Yes | Yes (2.6-3.1 fold)[9][12] |
| Cognitive Benefits | Not established | Not established | Not demonstrated[9] |
| Monitoring Required | Yes (liver, glucose at high doses) | No (<1,500mg/day)[1] | Minimal |
| Typical Therapeutic Dose | 500-3,000mg/day | 500mg twice daily | 250-1,000mg/day |
Which Form Is Right for You?
- For skin cancer prevention: Nicotinamide (niacinamide) 500mg twice daily, if immunocompetent[6]
- For lipid modification: Nicotinic acid under medical supervision, understanding it may not reduce cardiovascular events[7]
- For NAD+ elevation: NR or NMN raise NAD+ levels, but clinical benefits beyond NAD+ elevation remain unproven[8]
- For general supplementation: Food sources or low-dose nicotinamide without flushing concerns
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Niacin increases HDL cholesterol by 21.4% (9.31 mg/dL) based on a meta-analysis of 13 RCTs with 35,206 participants.[Evidence: A][5]
- Nicotinamide 500mg twice daily for 12 months reduces nonmelanoma skin cancers by 23% in immunocompetent high-risk individuals (Phase 3 RCT, n=386).[Evidence: B][6]
- Niacin reduces apolipoprotein B by 24.37 mg/dL and increases apolipoprotein A1 by 8.23 mg/dL (meta-analysis of 12 RCTs).[Evidence: A][11]
- NAD+ precursors (NR, NMN) reliably elevate blood NAD+ levels 2.6-3.1 fold.[Evidence: B][9][12]
- Niacin monotherapy showed cardiovascular benefit (RR 0.74 for ACS and stroke) in non-statin populations.[Evidence: A][2]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Niacin does not reduce mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke despite improving lipid profiles (Cochrane meta-analysis, 23 RCTs, n=39,195).[7]
- NAD+ elevation from NR/NMN does not translate to improved cognition, fatigue, or other clinical outcomes in available trials.[8][9]
- Long-term safety beyond 1 year for high-dose niacin is extrapolated from shorter studies.
- Optimal dosing for NAD+ precursors has not been established through dose-ranging studies.
- No head-to-head comparison trials exist between NR and NMN.
Where Caution Is Needed
- 4PY metabolite from niacin is associated with 3-year MACE risk and induces vascular inflammation.[Evidence: A][3]
- Nicotinamide does NOT prevent skin cancer in immunosuppressed transplant recipients.[Evidence: B][15]
- Treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects is 2.17× higher with niacin versus placebo.[Evidence: A][7]
- Adding niacin to statin therapy provides no additional cardiovascular benefit.[14]
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Immunocompetent individuals with history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (nicotinamide 500mg twice daily), or those with dyslipidemia who cannot tolerate statins (under medical supervision).
Not recommended for: Immunosuppressed patients (no skin cancer benefit), those seeking cardiovascular event reduction (lipid improvements do not translate to outcomes), or pregnant women at doses above RDA without medical guidance.
Realistic timeline: Skin cancer prevention studies showed benefit at 12 months of consistent use. Lipid changes occur within 6-12 weeks. NAD+ elevation occurs within 5-10 weeks but clinical benefits beyond NAD+ elevation are not established.
When to consult a professional: Before starting high-dose niacin (>35mg daily), if you take statins or diabetes medications, have liver disease, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have a history of skin cancer.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the side effects of taking niacin?
Common side effects documented in an overview of 14 systematic reviews include gastrointestinal upset, liver dysfunction, flushing (with nicotinic acid), skin rash, and fatigue. These effects are dose-dependent. Flushing occurs through prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation and typically begins 15-30 minutes after taking nicotinic acid, lasting 1-2 hours. Taking aspirin 30 minutes before, using extended-release formulations, or taking with food can reduce flushing intensity. More serious concerns include liver enzyme elevations at high doses. A Cochrane review found treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects was 2.17 times higher with niacin versus placebo.
Can niacin raise blood sugar?
High-dose nicotinic acid may affect glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This effect is primarily a concern with therapeutic doses (1,000mg+ daily) used for lipid modification, not with dietary intake or moderate supplementation. People with diabetes or prediabetes should discuss niacin supplementation with their healthcare provider. Antidiabetic medication doses may require adjustment if taking high-dose niacin. Clinical monitoring not required for nicotinamide under 1,500mg daily does not specifically address blood sugar, but this form is generally better tolerated.
Is niacin safe during pregnancy?
The RDA for niacin during pregnancy is 18mg daily, and during lactation is 17mg daily. Meeting these requirements through diet is considered safe. High therapeutic doses (above 2,000mg daily) should be avoided during pregnancy unless benefits clearly outweigh risks. Nicotinamide is generally preferred over nicotinic acid during lactation. Current safety data for pregnancy comes from expert consensus (Level D evidence), as no prospective pregnancy studies from 2015 or later were identified in this review. Always consult your healthcare provider before taking any supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Can niacin help with brain function?
Despite theoretical connections between NAD+ and brain health, clinical trials have not demonstrated cognitive benefits from niacin-related supplements. An RCT of nicotinamide riboside (NR) 1,000mg daily for 10 weeks in older adults with mild cognitive impairment increased blood NAD+ 2.6-fold but did not alter cognition on MoCA, RBANS, or Trail Making Tests. Similarly, NR elevated NAD+ 2.6-3.1 fold in long-COVID patients but did not significantly improve cognition, fatigue, sleep, anxiety, or depression versus placebo. Larger, longer-duration trials are needed.
Does niacin prevent skin cancer?
Nicotinamide (not nicotinic acid) shows promise for skin cancer prevention in specific populations. A Phase 3 RCT (n=386) found that 500mg nicotinamide twice daily for 12 months reduced nonmelanoma skin cancers by 23%, with a 20% reduction in basal-cell carcinomas and 30% reduction in squamous-cell carcinomas. However, benefits discontinued after treatment cessation. Importantly, this benefit was only demonstrated in immunocompetent high-risk patients. A separate Phase 3 RCT found nicotinamide did NOT reduce keratinocyte cancers in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients.
What time of day should you take niacin?
Timing depends on the niacin form and your tolerance. Immediate-release nicotinic acid is often taken with meals to reduce flushing and gastrointestinal upset. Extended-release formulations are commonly taken at bedtime with a low-fat snack. Nicotinamide can be taken at any time since it does not cause flushing. Regardless of timing, avoid alcohol and hot beverages around your dose as these can intensify flushing with nicotinic acid. Consistency matters more than specific timing. Studies demonstrating benefits used regular daily dosing over weeks to months.
Can niacin cause liver damage?
Liver toxicity is a recognized concern with high-dose niacin, particularly sustained-release formulations. Clinical awareness of niacin toxicity is critical as supplement use increases. A meta-analysis found major adverse effects occur mainly at doses below 1,000mg daily of nicotinic acid in healthy individuals, suggesting moderate doses may be safer than previously thought. Nicotinamide under 1,500mg daily does not require clinical monitoring. Those with existing liver conditions should avoid high-dose niacin or use only under close medical supervision with regular liver function tests.
Does niacin boost NAD levels?
Yes, niacin and its related forms effectively raise NAD+ levels. NAD+ declines with age, which has driven interest in supplementation. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) increased blood NAD+ 2.6-fold in one RCT and 2.6-3.1 fold within 5-10 weeks in another. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs confirmed NMN significantly elevates blood NAD+. However, clinically relevant outcomes (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, cognition) were not significantly different from placebo, suggesting NAD+ elevation alone may not translate to meaningful health benefits.
What medications interact with niacin?
Important niacin drug interactions include statins, where combining niacin provides no additional cardiovascular benefit and the FDA withdrew recommendations for combination therapy in 2016. Antidiabetic medications may require dose adjustment when taking high-dose niacin due to blood sugar effects. Aspirin taken 30 minutes before niacin reduces flushing by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Blood pressure medications may have additive hypotensive effects. Bile acid sequestrants can reduce niacin absorption if taken simultaneously. Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements before starting niacin therapy.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . The adverse effects of oral niacin/nicotinamide - an overview of reviews, Eye (London), 2025, Young SL, Gazzard G. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 2 . Assessment of the Role of Niacin in Managing Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, JAMA Network Open, 2019, D'Andrea E, Hey SP, Ramirez CL, Kesselheim AS. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 3 . A terminal metabolite of niacin promotes vascular inflammation and contributes to cardiovascular disease risk, Nature Medicine, 2024, Ferrell M, Wang Z, Anderson JT, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 4 . Definition of a tolerable upper intake level of niacin: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrition Reviews, 2017, Minto C, Vecchio MG, Lamprecht M, Gregori D. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 5 . Role of Niacin in Current Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review, American Journal of Medicine, 2017, Garg A, Sharma A, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 6 . A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Nicotinamide for Skin-Cancer Chemoprevention, New England Journal of Medicine, 2015, Chen AC, Martin AJ, Choy B, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 7 . Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017, Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 8 . Efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2025, Zhang J, Poon ETC, Wong SHS. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 9 . A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, Geroscience, 2024, Orr ME, Kotkowski E, Ramirez P, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 10 . Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism: Regulatory and Functional Aspects, International Journal of Tryptophan Research, 2017, Badawy AA-B. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 11 . Effects of niacin on apo A1 and B levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis, British Journal of Nutrition, 2024, Saboori S, Yousefi Rad E, Tammam J, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 12 . Effects of nicotinamide riboside on NAD+ levels, cognition, and symptom recovery in long-COVID, EClinicalMedicine, 2025, Wu CY, Reynolds WC, Abril I, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 13 . Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation Benefits in Patients With Werner Syndrome, Aging Cell, 2025, Shoji M, Kato H, Koshizaka M, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 14 . Niacin Toxicity, StatPearls, 2023, Habibe MN, Kellar JZ. PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 15 . Nicotinamide for Skin-Cancer Chemoprevention in Transplant Recipients, New England Journal of Medicine, 2023, Allen NC, Martin AJ, Snaidr VA, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 16 . The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update, Advances in Nutrition, 2023, Song Q, Zhou X, Xu K, et al. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
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