💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- Bone Health: Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (6,425 participants) found vitamin K2 effective for lumbar spine bone mineral density maintenance and reduced fracture incidence.[Evidence: A][1]
- Heart Protection: Meta-analysis of 21 studies (222,592 participants) linked higher dietary vitamin K2 intake to lower coronary heart disease risk.[Evidence: A][3]
- Arterial Flexibility: 180 μg MK-7 daily for 3 years significantly decreased arterial stiffness (cfPWV) and reduced dp-ucMGP by 50% compared to placebo.[Evidence: B][5]
- Safety Profile: US Pharmacopeia evaluation concluded MK-7 as a dietary supplement is not associated with serious health risks.[Evidence: D][8]
It is common to feel overwhelmed when first researching vitamins for bone and heart health. You may be wondering if vitamin K2 is truly worth adding to your routine, or if it is just another overhyped supplement.
Here is the reassuring news: vitamin K2 has been studied in over 222,000 participants across multiple clinical trials. The research consistently points to meaningful benefits for your bones and cardiovascular system. This is not speculation. It is what the science shows.
In this guide, you will discover exactly what vitamin K2 does in your body, which form works best (MK-7 vs MK-4), how much to take, and critical safety information if you take blood thinners. By the end, you will have the clarity to make an informed decision about vitamin K2 supplementation.
❓ Quick Answers
What is Vitamin K2?
Vitamin K2 is a fat-soluble vitamin in the menaquinone family. It exists in several forms, with MK-4 and MK-7 being the most studied. Unlike vitamin K1 (found in leafy greens), vitamin K2 is found in fermented foods and animal products. It activates proteins that direct calcium to bones and away from arteries.[Evidence: A][13]
How does Vitamin K2 work?
Vitamin K2 activates vitamin K-dependent proteins through a process called gamma-carboxylation. It activates osteocalcin, which binds calcium to bone matrix, and matrix GLA protein (MGP), which prevents calcium from depositing in arteries. Daily intake of at least 100 μg MK-7 significantly improves osteocalcin carboxylation.[Evidence: B][4]
What foods contain Vitamin K2?
The richest food source is natto (fermented soybeans), containing 150-380 mcg MK-7 per serving. Other sources include hard cheeses (10-15 mcg per ounce), egg yolks (15 mcg per yolk), chicken liver, and grass-fed butter. MK-7 from fermented foods has superior bioavailability compared to MK-4 from animal sources.
What are the benefits of Vitamin K2?
Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (6,853 participants) found vitamin K2 significantly increases lumbar spine and forearm bone mineral density with reductions in undercarboxylated osteocalcin.[Evidence: A][13] A separate meta-analysis (222,592 participants) linked higher menaquinone intake to lower coronary heart disease risk.[Evidence: A][3]
How much Vitamin K2 should I take?
Clinical studies used doses ranging from 90-375 μg MK-7 daily. For bone health optimization, 100-180 μg daily for 12 weeks to 3 years showed significant improvements in osteocalcin carboxylation.[Evidence: B][4] Always take vitamin K2 with a meal containing fat for optimal absorption.
Is Vitamin K2 safe?
US Pharmacopeia safety evaluation concluded that MK-7 as a dietary supplement is not associated with serious health risks.[Evidence: D][8] In healthy adults, 90 μg MK-7 daily for 30 days did not affect coagulation factors.[Evidence: B][2] CRITICAL EXCEPTION: Vitamin K2 is contraindicated if you take warfarin or other vitamin K antagonists.
Should you take Vitamin D3 with K2?
Yes, vitamin D3 and K2 work synergistically. Vitamin D increases calcium absorption, while K2 directs that calcium to bones rather than arteries. Studies combining MK-7 with vitamin D showed significant reductions in dp-ucMGP, a marker of vascular health.[Evidence: B][9]
🔬 How Does Vitamin K2 Work?
Think of vitamin K2 as a traffic controller for calcium. Just as a traffic controller directs vehicles to the right lanes, vitamin K2 directs calcium to your bones (where you want it) and away from your arteries (where it causes problems). Without this guidance, calcium can accumulate in the wrong places.
At the molecular level, vitamin K2 performs a chemical modification called gamma-carboxylation. This process activates two critical proteins:
Osteocalcin is the bone-building protein. When activated by vitamin K2, osteocalcin binds calcium ions and incorporates them into your bone matrix. Meta-analysis confirms that vitamin K2 supplementation reduces serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels, indicating more active bone-building.[Evidence: A][1]
Matrix GLA Protein (MGP) is the artery-protecting protein. When activated, MGP prevents calcium from depositing in arterial walls. A 3-year trial showed 180 μg MK-7 daily reduced dephospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) by 50% compared to placebo, with significant decreases in arterial stiffness (cfPWV).[Evidence: B][5]
The clinical evidence for cardiovascular protection is substantial. A meta-analysis of 21 studies involving 222,592 participants found that higher dietary vitamin K intake was associated with lower coronary heart disease risk, with menaquinone (K2) intake specifically showing protective effects.[Evidence: A][3]
For bone health, a meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (6,853 participants) found vitamin K2 was associated with significantly increased lumbar spine BMD and forearm BMD in postmenopausal women.[Evidence: A][13] Another meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (6,425 participants) confirmed effectiveness for bone mineral density maintenance and reduced fracture incidence.[Evidence: A][1]
Think of this process like a key and lock system: vitamin K2 is the key that unlocks these proteins, allowing them to do their jobs. Without sufficient K2, osteocalcin and MGP remain "locked" in their inactive forms, unable to properly manage calcium.
In chronic kidney disease patients (stages 3-5), vitamin K2 combined with vitamin D showed that carotid intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) increase was significantly lower compared to vitamin D alone, suggesting reduced atherosclerosis progression.[Evidence: B][14]
However, it is important to note that biochemical improvements do not always translate to clinical outcomes. Some studies showed that despite reducing dp-ucMGP (demonstrating vitamin K2 is working biochemically), there was no reduction in vascular calcification progression.[Evidence: B][7] In one 3-year trial of postmenopausal women with osteopenia receiving 375 μg MK-7, osteocalcin carboxylation increased, but BMD decreased at all sites without differences between MK-7 and placebo groups.[Evidence: B][12]
📊 Dosage and How to Use
Clinical trials have used varying doses of vitamin K2, with most evidence supporting the MK-7 form at doses between 90-375 μg daily. Below is a summary of dosages used in clinical research:
| Purpose/Condition | Dosage | Duration | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Osteocalcin carboxylation (general bone support) | 100 μg MK-7 daily | 12 weeks | [B][4] |
| Arterial stiffness reduction (postmenopausal women) | 180 μg MK-7 daily | 3 years | [B][5] |
| Coagulation safety assessment (healthy adults) | 90 μg MK-7 daily | 30 days | [B][2] |
| Bone health in osteopenia (with vitamin D3 + calcium) | 375 μg MK-7 daily | 3 years | [B][12] |
| Aortic valve calcification (elderly men, with vitamin D) | 720 μg MK-7 daily | 24 months | [B][9] |
Absorption Note: Vitamin K2 is fat-soluble. Always take it with a meal containing dietary fat (eggs, avocado, olive oil) to maximize absorption.
Timing: MK-7 has a long half-life (approximately 72 hours), so once-daily dosing is sufficient. Morning or evening does not significantly impact efficacy. Consistency matters more than timing.
MK-7 vs. MK-4 Dosing: MK-7 is effective at 90-375 μg daily due to superior bioavailability and longer half-life. MK-4 requires dramatically higher doses (45,000 μg or 45 mg, divided into three daily doses) to achieve therapeutic effects, as it clears from the body within 6-8 hours.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
General Safety Profile
For individuals NOT taking vitamin K antagonists, vitamin K2 has an excellent safety profile:
- US Pharmacopeia safety evaluation concluded MK-7 as a dietary supplement is not associated with serious health risks.[Evidence: D][8]
- In healthy adults (aged 25-40), 90 μg MK-7 daily for 30 days did not affect PT, APTT, TT, or coagulation factors II, VII, IX, or X.[Evidence: B][2]
- Animal toxicity testing showed oral MK-7 at 2000 mg/kg caused no toxic symptoms. A 90-day subacute toxicity study showed normal biochemical and hematological parameters. Genotoxicity studies showed cellular safety and non-mutagenicity.[Evidence: D][11]
- Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (6,853 participants) reported no serious adverse events related to vitamin K2 supplementation.[Evidence: A][13]
Special Populations
| Population | Safety Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy adults | ✓ Safe | No coagulation effects at 90 μg/day |
| Postmenopausal women | ✓ Safe | Well-tolerated in 3-year trials up to 375 μg |
| Elderly (65+) | ✓ Safe | Well-tolerated at 720 μg daily in 24-month trial |
| Chronic kidney disease (stages 3-5) | ✓ Safe | Tolerated; may reduce atherosclerosis markers |
| Hemodialysis patients | ✓ Safe | Beneficial for diabetic subgroup arterial stiffness |
| Pregnancy | ⚠️ Insufficient data | No post-2015 RCTs. Consult OB-GYN before use. |
| Lactation | ⚠️ Insufficient data | No post-2015 safety studies. Consult healthcare provider. |
| Children | ⚠️ Insufficient data | No pediatric dosing or safety studies available. |
| Warfarin/VKA users | ❌ Contraindicated | Interferes with anticoagulation at any supplemental dose. |
🥗 Practical Ways to Use Vitamin K2
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
Scenario 1: Bone Health Support
- Dose: 100-180 μg MK-7 daily[4][5]
- Duration: 12 weeks to 3 years (longer use shows more consistent results)
- Population: Postmenopausal women, adults concerned about bone density
- Timing: With breakfast or dinner containing dietary fat
- What to track: Osteocalcin carboxylation (if testing available), bone density scans
- Expected results: Improved osteocalcin γ-carboxylation with daily intake ≥100 μg[4]
Scenario 2: Cardiovascular Support
- Dose: 180 μg MK-7 daily[5]
- Duration: 3 years (based on arterial stiffness trial)
- Population: Healthy postmenopausal women, adults with cardiovascular concerns
- Timing: With a fat-containing meal
- What to track: Arterial stiffness measures (if available), dp-ucMGP levels
- Expected results: dp-ucMGP reduced 50% vs placebo; significant decrease in cfPWV and Stiffness Index β[5]
Practical Integration
Take your MK-7 supplement with breakfast or dinner. Meals containing eggs, avocado, cheese, or olive oil provide the fat needed for absorption. Consistency matters more than specific timing. Set a daily reminder if needed.
Storage: Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Follow product label storage instructions.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Taking on an empty stomach: Vitamin K2 is fat-soluble. Studies used supplements with meals. Taking without fat reduces absorption.
- Inconsistent dosing: Clinical trials used daily dosing[5]. Sporadic use may not achieve the benefits seen in research.
- Confusing MK-7 and MK-4 doses: MK-4 requires 45,000 μg (45 mg) daily in divided doses due to its short half-life. MK-7 is effective at 100-200 μg once daily. Do not apply MK-7 dosing to MK-4 or vice versa.
- Ignoring warfarin contraindication: Even "low dose" MK-7 can interfere with VKA anticoagulation. This is a life-safety issue, not a theoretical concern.
⚖️ Vitamin K2 vs. Vitamin K1
Vitamin K exists in two main forms: K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinones). While both support blood clotting, they have distinct functions and food sources.
| Feature | Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) | Vitamin K2 (Menaquinones) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Function | Blood clotting (liver-focused) | Calcium metabolism (bones, arteries) |
| Food Sources | Leafy greens: spinach, kale, broccoli | Fermented foods (natto), cheese, egg yolks, liver |
| Half-Life | 1-2 hours | MK-7: ~72 hours; MK-4: 2-3 hours |
| Tissue Distribution | Primarily liver | Bones, arteries, and other extrahepatic tissues |
| Bone Health Evidence | Limited evidence for bone benefits | Meta-analyses show BMD improvements[1][13] |
| Cardiovascular Evidence | Inconsistent associations | Menaquinone intake linked to lower CHD risk[3] |
| Supplement Dosing | Not commonly supplemented | MK-7: 90-375 μg/day; MK-4: 45,000 μg/day |
Key Takeaway: Vitamin K1 is abundant in the diet and primarily supports clotting. Vitamin K2 (especially MK-7) has unique benefits for bone and cardiovascular health that K1 does not provide. For most people seeking bone or heart benefits, MK-7 supplementation is the evidence-based choice.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (6,425 participants) found vitamin K2 effective for lumbar spine BMD maintenance with reduced fracture incidence in postmenopausal women.[Evidence: A][1]
- Meta-analysis of 21 studies (222,592 participants) linked higher dietary vitamin K, particularly menaquinone (K2), to lower coronary heart disease risk.[Evidence: A][3]
- 180 μg MK-7 daily for 3 years significantly decreased arterial stiffness (cfPWV, Stiffness Index β) and reduced dp-ucMGP by 50% in healthy postmenopausal women.[Evidence: B][5]
- Daily intake of ≥100 μg MK-7 improves osteocalcin γ-carboxylation within 4-12 weeks, indicating enhanced bone-building protein activation.[Evidence: B][4]
- Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (6,853 participants) confirmed significantly increased lumbar and forearm BMD with no serious adverse events from vitamin K2.[Evidence: A][13]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Reversal of existing calcification: While K2 improves biochemical markers (dp-ucMGP), 18-month trials in hemodialysis patients showed no reduction in vascular calcification progression.[7]
- Universal bone density improvements: In women with osteopenia (milder bone loss), 3 years of 375 μg MK-7 improved osteocalcin carboxylation but did NOT prevent BMD decline.[12]
- Aortic valve calcification: 720 μg MK-7 + vitamin D for 24 months in elderly men did not slow valve calcification progression despite reducing dp-ucMGP.[9]
- Optimal dosage: Studies used 90-720 μg with varying results. A definitive optimal dose has not been established.
- Populations not studied: No post-2015 RCTs for pregnancy, lactation, or pediatric populations.
- Long-term cardiovascular outcomes: Most evidence is based on surrogate markers (dp-ucMGP, arterial stiffness), not hard endpoints like heart attack or stroke reduction.
Where Caution Is Needed
- Warfarin/VKA users: ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATION. Even supplemental doses interfere with anticoagulation.[Evidence: A][10]
- Biochemical vs. clinical disconnect: Multiple trials showed improved biochemical markers WITHOUT corresponding clinical improvements. Reduced dp-ucMGP does not guarantee reduced calcification.[7][9]
- Variable results by population: Benefits were clearer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis than in those with osteopenia, and clearer in healthy populations than in those with advanced kidney disease or existing valve calcification.
- MK-7 vs MK-4 confusion: Dramatically different dosing requirements. Applying MK-7 doses to MK-4 (or vice versa) will result in under- or over-dosing.
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Postmenopausal women concerned about bone health; adults seeking cardiovascular support (arterial flexibility); individuals with low dietary K2 intake (limited fermented foods, cheese, or egg consumption); people taking vitamin D3 who want to optimize calcium metabolism.
Not recommended for: Anyone taking warfarin or other vitamin K antagonists; pregnant or breastfeeding women (insufficient safety data); children (no pediatric studies).
Realistic timeline: Biochemical improvements (osteocalcin carboxylation) may occur within 4-12 weeks. Arterial stiffness benefits were observed over 3 years. Bone density changes require 6 months to 3 years to detect. This is a long-term intervention, not a quick fix.
When to consult a professional: Before starting if you take any anticoagulant medication; if you are pregnant or breastfeeding; if you have chronic kidney disease; if you are being treated for osteoporosis (K2 should complement, not replace, prescribed treatments).
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between Vitamin K2 MK-7 and MK-4?
MK-7 and MK-4 are both forms of vitamin K2, but they differ dramatically in pharmacokinetics. MK-7 has a half-life of approximately 72 hours, meaning it stays in your blood for days after a single dose. MK-4 has a half-life of only 2-3 hours and is cleared within 6-8 hours. This means MK-7 is effective at doses of 90-375 μg once daily, while MK-4 requires 45,000 μg (45 mg) daily divided into three doses to maintain blood levels. For most people, MK-7 is the more practical choice due to its superior bioavailability and convenient once-daily dosing.
Can you take Vitamin K2 with blood thinners?
This depends entirely on which blood thinner you take. If you use warfarin, acenocoumarol, or other vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), vitamin K2 supplementation is CONTRAINDICATED. Even low doses interfere with anticoagulation. However, if you use DOACs (apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, dabigatran), these direct oral anticoagulants do not depend on vitamin K, so MK-7 supplementation is not contraindicated. Always confirm with your cardiologist before adding any supplement to an anticoagulation regimen.
How long does it take for Vitamin K2 to work?
Timeline depends on the outcome you are measuring. Biochemical markers like osteocalcin carboxylation can improve within 4-12 weeks at doses of 100 μg MK-7 daily. Arterial stiffness improvements were observed over 3 years of supplementation at 180 μg daily. Bone mineral density changes typically require 6 months to 3 years to detect. Do not expect overnight results. Vitamin K2 works gradually by optimizing calcium metabolism over time. Consistency matters more than short-term supplementation.
Can Vitamin K2 reverse arterial calcification?
Current evidence shows vitamin K2 can slow arterial calcification progression and improve arterial flexibility, but reversal of existing calcification has not been consistently demonstrated. In hemodialysis patients, MK-7 supplementation for 18 months did not reduce vascular calcification progression, though it did reduce dp-ucMGP (a marker of vitamin K status). In healthy postmenopausal women, 3 years of 180 μg MK-7 significantly improved arterial stiffness markers. Prevention and slowing progression appear more achievable than reversal.
Does Vitamin K2 help with osteoporosis?
Meta-analyses show vitamin K2 improves bone mineral density at lumbar spine and forearm in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, with reduced fracture incidence. However, in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (less severe bone loss), one 3-year trial found that despite improved osteocalcin carboxylation, BMD decreased in both MK-7 and placebo groups without significant differences. The evidence is stronger for osteoporosis than osteopenia. Vitamin K2 should complement, not replace, standard osteoporosis treatments.
Is there a benefit for diabetic patients taking Vitamin K2?
In a multicenter RCT of chronic hemodialysis patients, the diabetic subgroup showed a 10.0% reduction in pulse wave velocity (PWV) with MK-7 supplementation, compared to a 3.8% increase in controls. Additionally, diabetic patients showed lower arterial stiffness progression (21.4% vs 72.7%). This suggests diabetic individuals may particularly benefit from vitamin K2 supplementation for vascular health, though more research specifically targeting diabetic populations is needed.
When should I take Vitamin K2, morning or night?
MK-7 has a long half-life of approximately 72 hours, so the specific time of day does not significantly impact efficacy. The more important factor is taking it with a fat-containing meal to optimize absorption. Whether you take it at breakfast, lunch, or dinner, consistency matters most. Pick a time that fits your routine and stick with it. Some people prefer morning with breakfast (eggs provide fat and are a natural K2 source), while others prefer evening with dinner.
What is the best form of Vitamin K2 supplement?
MK-7 is generally considered the optimal supplemental form due to its superior bioavailability and longer half-life (72 hours vs 2-3 hours for MK-4). MK-7 is effective at doses of 100-200 μg once daily, while MK-4 requires 45,000 μg daily in divided doses. Look for supplements that specify 'MK-7' or 'menaquinone-7' on the label. MenaQ7 is a branded MK-7 form that has been used in clinical trials. Avoid products that simply list 'vitamin K2' without specifying the form.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Ma ML et al., Frontiers in Public Health, 2022, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 2 . Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7) supplementation does not affect vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors activity in healthy individuals, Ren R et al., Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 3 . Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Chen HG et al., European Journal of Nutrition, 2019, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 4 . Low-Dose Daily Intake of Vitamin K(2) (Menaquinone-7) Improves Osteocalcin γ-Carboxylation: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trials, Inaba N et al., Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2015, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 5 . Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial, Knapen MHJ et al., Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2015, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 6 . Effect of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial, Naiyarakseree N et al., Nutrients, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 7 . Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of the Effect of Treatment with Vitamin K2 on Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients (Trevasc-HDK), Haroon S et al., Kidney International Reports, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 8 . US Pharmacopeial Convention safety evaluation of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K, Marles RJ et al., Nutrition Reviews, 2017, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 9 . Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial, Diederichsen ACP et al., Circulation, 2022, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 10 . Interaction Between Dietary Vitamin K Intake and Anticoagulation by Vitamin K Antagonists: Is It Really True?: A Systematic Review, Violi F et al., Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 11 . Safety assessment of menaquinone-7 for use in human nutrition, Ravishankar B et al., Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 2015, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 12 . The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Rønn SH et al., Osteoporosis International, 2021, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 13 . Efficacy and safety of vitamin K2 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a long-term follow-up: meta-analysis and systematic review, Zhou M et al., Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 2022, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 14 . Effect of vitamin K2 on progression of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5, Kurnatowska I et al., Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, 2015, PubMed [Evidence: B]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
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