💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- Reduces inflammation: Meta-analysis of 26 randomized trials shows vitamin E significantly lowers C-reactive protein and inflammatory biomarkers in adults.[Evidence: A][2]
- Supports liver health: Vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and improved steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.[Evidence: A][3]
- Protects muscles during exercise: Analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials found vitamin E has protective effects on muscle damage markers like creatine kinase after exercise.[Evidence: A][4]
- Decreases harmful LDL oxidation: 2025 meta-analysis of clinical trials demonstrates vitamin E significantly reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol levels.[Evidence: A][13]
If you're researching vitamin E, you're likely wondering whether this popular antioxidant actually delivers on its health claims. Perhaps you've heard conflicting information about its benefits for skin, heart health, or immune function. You're not alone in seeking clarity.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and powerful antioxidant that protects your cells from damage caused by free radicals. Your body stores it in the liver and adipose tissue, releasing it when needed. While most people get adequate vitamin E from their diet, understanding its full range of benefits helps you make informed decisions about your health.
This comprehensive guide examines what current research actually shows about vitamin E. We've reviewed 16 peer-reviewed studies, including 10 meta-analyses, to bring you evidence-based information on benefits, proper dosage, food sources, and safety considerations. You'll learn exactly what vitamin E can and cannot do for your health.
❓ Quick Answers
What is vitamin E good for?
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from free radical damage. Research shows it supports immune function, reduces inflammation, and helps maintain healthy blood vessels. Meta-analyses confirm benefits for liver health in NAFLD patients and muscle recovery after exercise.[Evidence: A][3][4]
How does vitamin E work in your body?
Vitamin E works by neutralizing free radicals before they can damage cell membranes. It inhibits COX-2 enzymes and suppresses inflammatory pathways like NF-κB. The liver preferentially selects alpha-tocopherol via a transfer protein, distributing it throughout the body via lipoproteins.[Evidence: D][6]
What foods are high in vitamin E?
The richest food sources of vitamin E include wheat germ oil (20.3 mg per tablespoon), sunflower seeds (7.4 mg per ounce), almonds (6.8 mg per ounce), and hazelnuts (4.3 mg per ounce). Vegetable oils like sunflower and safflower oil, spinach, broccoli, and fortified cereals also provide significant amounts.
What are the benefits of vitamin E?
Evidence-based benefits include reducing inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein, improving liver enzyme levels in fatty liver disease, protecting muscles from exercise-induced damage, and decreasing LDL oxidation. Research also suggests neuroprotective effects, though clinical translation remains limited.[Evidence: A][2][13]
How much vitamin E should I take daily?
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adults is 15 mg (22.4 IU) daily. The tolerable upper intake level is 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) of supplemental vitamin E. For specific conditions like NAFLD, clinical trials commonly use 800 IU daily.[Evidence: A][3]
Is vitamin E safe to take?
Vitamin E is generally safe at recommended doses. High-dose supplementation (above 400 IU daily) may increase bleeding risk, particularly when combined with anticoagulant medications. A systematic review in oncology patients found vitamin E supplementation generally favorable with limited adverse effects.[Evidence: A][9]
Is it good to take vitamin E everyday?
Daily vitamin E intake through diet is beneficial and safe for most people. However, routine high-dose supplementation is not recommended for healthy individuals without deficiency. Studies in postmenopausal women show daily supplementation at 200 IU can improve oxidative stress biomarkers.[Evidence: B][16]
What are the side effects of vitamin E?
Common side effects at high doses include nausea, fatigue, and headache. More serious concerns include increased bleeding risk and potential hemorrhagic stroke with very high intake. Those on blood-thinning medications face higher interaction risks. Most people tolerate dietary vitamin E without side effects.[Evidence: D][8]
🔬 How Does Vitamin E Work?
Understanding how vitamin E protects your body starts with free radicals. These unstable molecules are like tiny sparks flying around inside your cells, causing damage wherever they land. Think of vitamin E as your body's fire extinguisher, neutralizing these sparks before they can harm your cellular structures.
Vitamin E is a chain-breaking antioxidant that sits within cell membranes. When a free radical approaches, vitamin E donates an electron to stabilize it, stopping the chain reaction of oxidative damage. This is particularly important for protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from lipid peroxidation.[Evidence: D][6]
Beyond direct antioxidant activity, vitamin E influences inflammatory pathways. Gamma-tocopherol, a common dietary form, inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, similar to how anti-inflammatory medications work. It also neutralizes reactive nitrogen species like peroxynitrite and suppresses the NF-κB pathway, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines.[Evidence: D][6][10]
In the brain, vitamin E provides neuroprotective effects. Experimental research shows it reduces accumulation of beta-amyloid proteins, decreases tau hyperphosphorylation, and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Imagine vitamin E as a cellular shield, protecting your neurons from the oxidative stress associated with aging.[Evidence: D][7]
Your liver plays a crucial role in vitamin E metabolism. After absorption in the small intestine (which requires dietary fat), vitamin E travels to the liver. There, alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) selectively binds alpha-tocopherol and packages it into lipoproteins for distribution throughout the body. This explains why alpha-tocopherol is the predominant form in human blood and tissues.
The anti-inflammatory effects have been confirmed in human trials. A meta-analysis of 26 randomized clinical trials demonstrated that vitamin E supplementation significantly reduces C-reactive protein and other inflammatory biomarkers in adults.[Evidence: A][2] In hemodialysis patients, supplementation decreased adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress.[Evidence: A][5]
📊 Dosage and How to Use
Vitamin E dosing depends on your health goals and current status. The table below summarizes evidence-based dosages from clinical research.
| Purpose/Condition | Dosage | Duration | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| General adult RDA | 15 mg (22.4 IU) daily | Ongoing | NIH recommendation |
| NAFLD (fatty liver disease) | 800 IU daily | 24-96 weeks | [A][3] |
| Exercise-induced muscle protection | Low-dose (100-400 IU) | Varies by protocol | [A][4] |
| Postmenopausal inflammatory markers | 200 IU daily | 8 weeks | [B][16] |
| Upper intake limit (adults) | 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) | Maximum safe daily | FDA established limit |
Timing and Absorption
Take vitamin E supplements with a meal containing fat for optimal absorption. As a fat-soluble vitamin, it requires dietary fat for proper uptake in the small intestine. Taking it on an empty stomach significantly reduces bioavailability.
Form Considerations
Natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol or RRR-alpha-tocopherol) has higher biological activity than synthetic forms (dl-alpha-tocopherol). When comparing doses, 1 mg of natural vitamin E equals approximately 1.36 mg of synthetic vitamin E in biological activity. Check supplement labels carefully for the form being used.[Evidence: D][8]
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Side Effects
At recommended doses, vitamin E is generally well-tolerated. Higher doses may cause nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, fatigue, weakness, headache, blurred vision, and rash. A systematic review of vitamin E supplementation in oncology patients found generally favorable safety profiles with limited adverse effects.[Evidence: A][9]
Drug Interactions
Vitamin E at high doses can interact with blood-thinning medications. Clinical review indicates that high-dose supplementation is associated with increased bleeding risk when combined with anticoagulants like warfarin.[Evidence: D][8] Inform your healthcare provider about vitamin E supplementation if you take:
- Anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin)
- Antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, clopidogrel)
- Chemotherapy medications
- Immunosuppressants
Contraindications
Exercise caution or avoid high-dose vitamin E supplementation if you have:
- Bleeding disorders or vitamin K deficiency
- Scheduled surgery within 2 weeks
- History of hemorrhagic stroke
- Retinitis pigmentosa (for some forms)
Cardiovascular Considerations
A systematic review of vitamin E effects on the cardiovascular system concluded that a prudent approach is needed for supplementation.[Evidence: A][15] Meta-analyses examining stroke risk with vitamin E supplementation show variable results depending on whether vitamin E is taken alone or with other antioxidants.[Evidence: A][1][14]
🥗 Practical Ways to Use Vitamin E
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
Scenario 1: Supporting Liver Health (NAFLD)
- Dose: 800 IU daily[3]
- Duration: 24-96 weeks based on clinical trials[3]
- Population: Adults diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Timing: Take with a fat-containing meal for absorption
- What to track: Liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST) via blood tests
- Expected results: Improved liver enzyme values and steatosis scores[3]
Scenario 2: Exercise Recovery
- Dose: Low-dose supplementation (100-400 IU)[4]
- Duration: Varies by exercise protocol
- Population: Athletes and exercise participants
- Timing: Daily, with meals
- What to track: Muscle soreness, recovery time
- Expected results: Reduced muscle damage markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase)[4]
Scenario 3: General Antioxidant Support
- Dose: 15-200 IU daily
- Duration: Ongoing
- Population: Adults seeking antioxidant support
- Timing: With breakfast or dinner containing healthy fats
- What to track: General wellbeing, inflammatory markers if tested
- Expected results: Improved inflammatory-oxidative stress biomarkers[16]
Practical Integration
Consider food sources first. One ounce of almonds provides nearly half your daily vitamin E needs. Add sunflower seeds to salads, cook with sunflower or safflower oil, and include leafy greens regularly. Supplements are most appropriate when dietary intake is insufficient or for specific therapeutic purposes under medical guidance.
Store vitamin E supplements in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Heat and light degrade vitamin E over time, reducing potency.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Taking on an empty stomach: Fat-soluble vitamins require dietary fat for absorption. Take with meals.
- Inconsistent dosing: Studies demonstrating benefits used daily dosing protocols[3]. Sporadic use may not achieve therapeutic effects.
- Ignoring form differences: Natural (d-alpha) and synthetic (dl-alpha) forms have different potencies. Check labels carefully.
- Mega-dosing: More is not better. High doses increase bleeding risk without additional benefits.
⚖️ Vitamin E Forms Compared: Alpha-Tocopherol vs. Gamma-Tocopherol
Vitamin E exists in eight natural forms: four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). Understanding the differences helps you choose the right supplement.
| Feature | Alpha-Tocopherol | Gamma-Tocopherol |
|---|---|---|
| Primary dietary source | Sunflower oil, almonds, supplements | Soybean oil, corn oil, walnuts |
| Most common in U.S. diet | No (supplements) | Yes (vegetable oils) |
| Body retention | High (preferentially retained by liver) | Low (rapidly metabolized) |
| Antioxidant mechanism | Free radical neutralization | Free radical + reactive nitrogen species[6] |
| Anti-inflammatory action | Moderate | Strong COX-2 inhibition[10] |
| Research status | Extensive clinical trials | Emerging research |
Natural vs. Synthetic Vitamin E
Natural vitamin E (labeled as d-alpha-tocopherol or RRR-alpha-tocopherol) consists of a single stereoisomer that matches what the body produces. Synthetic vitamin E (labeled as dl-alpha-tocopherol or all-rac-alpha-tocopherol) contains eight stereoisomers, only one of which matches the natural form.
The biological activity differs significantly. Natural vitamin E has approximately 1.36 times greater bioactivity than synthetic forms. This means you need 1.36 mg of synthetic vitamin E to equal 1 mg of natural vitamin E. When reading supplement labels, look for the "d" prefix for natural forms.
Tocopherols vs. Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols have unsaturated side chains that allow them to move more freely within cell membranes compared to tocopherols. Research suggests tocotrienols may have unique properties, including potential cholesterol-lowering effects. However, the clinical evidence for tocotrienols is less extensive than for alpha-tocopherol. Most vitamin E research and recommendations focus on alpha-tocopherol.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Vitamin E supplementation significantly reduces inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein, based on meta-analysis of 26 randomized clinical trials.[Evidence: A][2]
- In NAFLD patients, vitamin E at 800 IU daily significantly improved liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and steatosis over 24-96 weeks.[Evidence: A][3]
- Meta-analysis of 44 RCTs demonstrates protective effects against exercise-induced muscle damage markers.[Evidence: A][4]
- Vitamin E supplementation significantly decreases LDL oxidation based on 2025 meta-analysis of clinical trials.[Evidence: A][13]
- In hemodialysis patients, vitamin E reduced adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), CRP, and oxidative stress markers.[Evidence: A][5]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Cardiovascular disease prevention in healthy individuals. Large RCTs have not confirmed early observational study findings.
- Cancer prevention. SELECT trial and other studies showed no benefit and potential risks.
- Optimal dosage for most conditions. Studies used varying amounts from 100-800+ IU.
- Long-term safety of high-dose supplementation beyond study durations of 24-96 weeks.
- Benefits for pregnant and lactating women. Specific safety and efficacy data are limited.
- Translation of neuroprotective effects from experimental models to clinical outcomes in humans.[7][11]
Where Caution Is Needed
- Blood-thinning medication interactions. High-dose vitamin E increases bleeding risk with anticoagulants.[Evidence: D][8]
- Pre-surgical supplementation. Stop vitamin E 2 weeks before scheduled surgeries.
- Systematic review recommends a prudent approach for cardiovascular supplementation.[Evidence: A][15]
- Stroke risk findings are variable depending on whether vitamin E is taken alone or with other antioxidants.[Evidence: A][1][14]
- Quality and form vary significantly between supplements. Natural (d-alpha) vs synthetic (dl-alpha) have different potencies.
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Adults with documented NAFLD seeking liver enzyme improvement (under medical supervision), athletes seeking exercise recovery support, individuals with confirmed deficiency or malabsorption conditions, postmenopausal women seeking inflammatory-oxidative stress support.
Not recommended for: Those on anticoagulant therapy without medical guidance, individuals scheduled for surgery within 2 weeks, healthy individuals seeking cardiovascular disease prevention (evidence does not support this use), anyone with bleeding disorders.
Realistic timeline: NAFLD studies showed improvements over 24-96 weeks.[3] Postmenopausal inflammatory marker improvements seen at 8 weeks.[16] Individual response varies. Most people get adequate vitamin E through diet alone.
When to consult a professional: Before starting high-dose supplementation (above 200 IU), if taking blood-thinning medications, if you have a chronic condition, if pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you experience any adverse effects.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can you take too much vitamin E?
Yes, excessive vitamin E intake can be harmful. The tolerable upper intake level for adults is 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) daily from supplements. Doses above this threshold increase the risk of bleeding complications, including hemorrhagic stroke in some populations. Clinical review indicates that high-dose supplementation is particularly concerning when combined with anticoagulant medications. Most people obtain adequate vitamin E from diet alone, making routine high-dose supplementation unnecessary for healthy individuals. If you're considering supplements, start with lower doses and consult your healthcare provider.
What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?
Vitamin E deficiency is rare in developed countries because the vitamin is found in many common foods. When deficiency does occur, symptoms typically involve the nervous system and muscles. Signs include ataxia (loss of muscle coordination), peripheral neuropathy (numbness or tingling in hands and feet), muscle weakness, vision problems, and immune impairment. Deficiency usually results from fat malabsorption conditions like Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, or certain genetic disorders rather than dietary insufficiency. Neonates may be vulnerable, with research examining vitamin E's neuroprotective role in this population.
Is vitamin E good for skin?
Vitamin E supports skin health through its antioxidant properties. It protects skin cells from oxidative damage caused by UV radiation and environmental pollutants. Dietary vitamin E contributes to skin membrane integrity and may help reduce UV-induced skin damage. Topical vitamin E is commonly found in skincare products, though evidence for specific claims like scar reduction remains mixed. The most reliable skin benefits come from adequate dietary intake rather than topical application. For overall skin health, ensuring you meet the daily vitamin E requirement through foods like nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils provides foundational support.
Should I take vitamin E supplements?
For most healthy adults eating a varied diet, vitamin E supplements are unnecessary. Deficiency is rare in developed countries. However, supplementation may be appropriate in specific circumstances: documented deficiency, fat malabsorption conditions (Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis), certain genetic disorders, or specific therapeutic purposes like NAFLD treatment under medical supervision. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects recommends a prudent approach to supplementation. Before starting supplements, assess your dietary intake and consult a healthcare provider to determine if supplementation is appropriate for your situation.
What is the difference between natural and synthetic vitamin E?
Natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol or RRR-alpha-tocopherol) comes from plant sources and contains a single stereoisomer that your body recognizes efficiently. Synthetic vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol or all-rac-alpha-tocopherol) is manufactured chemically and contains eight different stereoisomers, only one matching the natural form. The key practical difference is bioavailability: natural vitamin E has approximately 1.36 times greater biological activity than synthetic forms. On supplement labels, look for 'd-' prefix for natural or 'dl-' for synthetic. Natural forms typically cost more but deliver more usable vitamin E per milligram.
Does vitamin E help with hair growth?
Limited evidence suggests vitamin E may support hair health through its antioxidant properties. By reducing oxidative stress on the scalp and hair follicles, vitamin E may create a healthier environment for hair growth. Some small studies have shown modest benefits, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend vitamin E specifically for hair growth. Ensuring adequate vitamin E intake as part of overall nutrition supports general health, which indirectly benefits hair. If you're experiencing hair loss, consult a healthcare provider to identify underlying causes rather than relying on vitamin E supplementation alone.
Can vitamin E prevent heart disease?
Current evidence does not support vitamin E supplementation for heart disease prevention in healthy individuals. Early observational studies suggested cardiovascular benefits, but large randomized controlled trials failed to confirm these findings. A systematic review of vitamin E effects on the cardiovascular system concluded that a prudent approach is needed for supplementation. However, vitamin E does reduce LDL oxidation, a process involved in atherosclerosis development. For cardiovascular health, focus on proven strategies: healthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking, and managing blood pressure and cholesterol with your healthcare provider.
What is alpha-tocopherol?
Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E in humans. While vitamin E exists in eight forms (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols), your liver preferentially selects alpha-tocopherol for distribution throughout the body. This selection occurs through alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), which specifically binds this form. Alpha-tocopherol is the form used to set dietary recommendations (15 mg daily for adults) and is the primary form studied in clinical trials. It's abundant in sunflower seeds, almonds, sunflower oil, and supplements. When you see 'vitamin E' on a nutrition label, it typically refers to alpha-tocopherol equivalents.
When should I take vitamin E, morning or night?
The timing of vitamin E supplementation matters less than taking it with food. As a fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin E requires dietary fat for optimal absorption in the small intestine. Take your supplement with whichever meal contains the most fat, whether that's breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Consistency matters more than specific timing. Some people prefer taking fat-soluble vitamins with their largest meal for convenience and maximum absorption. There's no evidence that morning versus evening timing affects vitamin E's effectiveness.
Does vitamin E interact with medications?
Yes, vitamin E can interact with several medication classes, particularly at higher supplemental doses. The most significant interactions occur with blood-thinning medications. Clinical evidence indicates increased bleeding risk when high-dose vitamin E is combined with anticoagulants like warfarin. Other potential interactions include antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, clopidogrel), some chemotherapy agents, and immunosuppressants. If you take any prescription medications, inform your healthcare provider before starting vitamin E supplements. For most people taking dietary amounts through food, interactions are not a concern.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . Effects of vitamin E on stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis, Stroke and vascular neurology, 2021, Volume 6(1):109-120, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 2 . The effect of vitamin E supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Scientific reports, 2020, Volume 10(1):17234, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 3 . Systematic review with meta-analysis: The effect of vitamin E supplementation in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2021, Volume 36(2):311-319, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 4 . Can Low-Dose of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation Reduce Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Nutrients, 2022, Volume 14(8), PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 5 . Beneficial Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation on Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Volume 22(21), PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 6 . Gamma-tocopherol, a major form of vitamin E in diets: Insights into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mechanisms, and roles in disease management, Free radical biology & medicine, 2022, Volume 178:347-359, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 7 . Vitamin E and Its Molecular Effects in Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases, International journal of molecular sciences, 2023, Volume 24(13), PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 8 . Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol): Emerging Clinical Role and Adverse Risks of Supplementation in Adults, Cureus, 2025, Volume 17(2):e78679, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 9 . Safety and efficacy of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and selenium supplementation in the oncology setting: A systematic review, Journal of oncology pharmacy practice, 2024, Volume 30(4):678-696, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 10 . Gamma-Tocopherol: A Comprehensive Review of Its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Properties, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2025, Volume 30(3), PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 11 . Role of Vitamin E in Neonatal Neuroprotection: A Comprehensive Narrative Review, Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, Volume 12(7), PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 12 . Systematic review and meta-analyses of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation and blood lipid parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus, Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 2021, Volume 15(4):102158, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 13 . The effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum low-density lipoprotein oxidization: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, European journal of pharmacology, 2025, Volume 997:177491, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 14 . Vitamin E supplementation (alone or with other antioxidants) and stroke: a meta-analysis, Nutrition reviews, 2024, Volume 82(8):1069-1078, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 15 . A Systematic Review of Effects of Vitamin E on the Cardiovascular System, Cureus, 2021, Volume 13(6):e15616, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 16 . Clinical Efficacy of Curcumin and Vitamin E on Inflammatory-Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Primary Symptoms of Menopause in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Journal of nutrition and metabolism, 2022, Volume 2022:6339715, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
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