A uric acid test is a blood or urine test that measures uric acid levels to diagnose gout, kidney stones, and monitor chemotherapy patients. This diagnostic test detects hyperuricemia by analyzing blood serum or 24-hour urine samples. Normal ranges are typically 2.5-7.0 mg/dL for males and 1.5-6.0 mg/dL for females, with the American College of Rheumatology recommending a treatment target of less than 6 mg/dL for gout management.[Evidence: D][1]
💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- Treatment Target: Serum uric acid should be maintained below 6 mg/dL for effective gout management according to American College of Rheumatology guidelines.[Evidence: D][1]
- Gout Classification Accuracy: The ACR/EULAR 2015 classification criteria achieve 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity when serum uric acid is incorporated into scoring.[Evidence: D][10]
- Point-of-Care Reliability: Modern fingerprick devices show 97.8% sensitivity and 96.4% correlation with laboratory venous testing, making them clinically useful for routine monitoring.[Evidence: C][9]
- Kidney Stone Detection: When combined with dual-energy CT imaging, uric acid stone identification achieves 88% sensitivity and 98% specificity.[Evidence: A][4]
Wondering whether you need a uric acid test? You are not alone. Millions of people undergo this simple blood test each year to help diagnose gout, assess kidney stone risk, or monitor cancer treatment effects. The test measures uric acid, a natural waste product your body creates when breaking down purines found in certain foods and your own cells.
If you have experienced sudden joint pain, recurrent kidney stones, or are undergoing chemotherapy, your doctor may recommend this test. Understanding what the test measures, how to prepare, and what your results mean can help you take control of your health. This comprehensive guide covers everything from normal ranges to preparation tips, all backed by peer-reviewed clinical research.
❓ Quick Answers
What is a uric acid test used for?
A uric acid test diagnoses and monitors conditions related to elevated uric acid levels. Primary uses include diagnosing gout, evaluating kidney stone composition, monitoring tumor lysis syndrome during chemotherapy, and assessing preeclampsia risk in pregnancy. The American College of Rheumatology recommends monitoring serum uric acid after each dose adjustment of urate-lowering therapy.[Evidence: D][1]
What is the normal range for uric acid?
Normal serum uric acid ranges are typically 2.5-7.0 mg/dL for males and 1.5-6.0 mg/dL for females. However, the ACR 2020 guidelines specify a treatment target of less than 6 mg/dL for gout patients regardless of sex.[Evidence: D][1] Laboratory reference ranges may vary slightly, so always compare your results to the specific range provided by your testing facility.
Do I need to fast before a uric acid test?
Fasting is typically optional but may be recommended for 4-8 hours before testing. High-purine foods consumed shortly before testing can temporarily elevate uric acid levels. Your healthcare provider will give specific instructions based on the reason for your test. Staying hydrated is generally acceptable and encouraged.
How long does a uric acid test take?
The blood draw itself takes approximately 5 minutes. Laboratory processing typically requires 10-15 minutes, with results available within 1-2 days. For 24-hour urine collection tests, you will collect all urine over a full day before submitting the sample for analysis.
What does high uric acid mean?
Elevated serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) is defined as levels above 7 mg/dL in men or 6 mg/dL in women. High levels increase risk for gout, kidney stones, and may indicate kidney dysfunction. A network meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials found that urate-lowering therapy reduces composite renal events in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.[Evidence: A][3]
Is a uric acid test the same as a gout test?
Not exactly. While uric acid testing supports gout diagnosis, it is not definitive. The ACR/EULAR 2015 classification criteria incorporate serum uric acid scoring but achieve only 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity.[Evidence: D][10] The gold standard for confirming gout remains synovial fluid analysis to identify monosodium urate crystals, which serves as a sufficient criterion for definitive diagnosis.
What is the difference between blood and urine uric acid tests?
Blood tests (serum uric acid) measure current uric acid levels in your bloodstream and are most common for gout monitoring. Urine tests (24-hour collection) measure how much uric acid your kidneys excrete, helping identify whether high blood levels result from overproduction or under-excretion. Your doctor will select the appropriate test based on your clinical situation.
🔬 How Does the Uric Acid Test Work?
Think of uric acid as the final product on an assembly line. Your body continuously breaks down purines, which are building blocks found in your DNA and certain foods. At the end of this breakdown process, uric acid emerges as the waste product. Like a quality control inspector checking items at the end of the line, the uric acid test measures how much of this waste product accumulates in your blood or passes through your urine.
Modern laboratories use the enzymatic method to measure uric acid. The test relies on uricase enzyme, which converts uric acid into allantoin while producing hydrogen peroxide. This hydrogen peroxide then reacts with other chemicals to produce a color change that machines can measure precisely. The intensity of the color correlates directly with the uric acid concentration in your sample.
Why Uric Acid Levels Matter Clinically
When uric acid accumulates beyond normal levels, it can crystallize in joints, causing the intense pain of gout. In the kidneys, excess uric acid can form stones. The serum uric acid to creatinine ratio has been identified as an independent predictor of preeclampsia (OR 1.29), preterm birth (OR 1.23), and adverse neonatal outcomes (OR 1.33) in pregnant women.[Evidence: C][2]
For cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, rapid tumor cell destruction releases massive amounts of purines, which convert to uric acid. This condition, called tumor lysis syndrome, can cause acute kidney injury if not monitored and managed appropriately.
Clinical Applications of the Test
The uric acid test serves multiple diagnostic purposes:
- Gout diagnosis and monitoring: The ACR/EULAR classification criteria incorporate serum urate scoring, with levels below 4 mg/dL scoring -4 points and levels at or above 8 mg/dL scoring +4 points.[Evidence: D][10]
- Treatment target verification: Guidelines recommend maintaining serum uric acid below 6 mg/dL during gout management, with monitoring after each dose titration.[Evidence: D][1]
- Kidney stone assessment: Uric acid accounts for approximately 10% of all kidney stones. Two-thirds of uric acid stones dissolve with urinary pH increase and volume expansion.
- Pregnancy monitoring: A meta-analysis of 196 studies involving 39,540 women confirmed the association between elevated uric acid and preeclampsia across all trimesters.[Evidence: A][7]
📊 Normal Ranges and Result Interpretation
Understanding your uric acid results requires knowing the reference ranges and clinical thresholds that guide medical decisions. Normal ranges vary by sex due to hormonal differences in how kidneys handle uric acid.
| Category | Normal Range (mg/dL) | Clinical Threshold | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Males | 2.5-7.0 mg/dL | Hyperuricemia: >7.0 mg/dL | [D][1] |
| Adult Females | 1.5-6.0 mg/dL | Hyperuricemia: >6.0 mg/dL | [D][1] |
| Gout Treatment Target | N/A | <6.0 mg/dL (all patients) | [D][1] |
| Gout Classification Scoring | N/A | <4 mg/dL = -4 points; ≥8 mg/dL = +4 points | [D][10] |
Interpreting High Results
Elevated uric acid (hyperuricemia) does not automatically mean you have gout or will develop kidney stones. Many people with high levels remain asymptomatic. However, a network meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials involving 19,401 patients found that urate-lowering agents (allopurinol and febuxostat) reduce composite renal events and increase estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to placebo in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.[Evidence: A][3]
Interpreting Low Results
Low uric acid (hypouricemia) is less common and may indicate kidney disorders causing excessive uric acid excretion, certain genetic conditions, or liver disease. Some medications can also lower uric acid levels. Consult your healthcare provider if your results fall below the normal range.
Unit Conversion
Some laboratories report results in μmol/L rather than mg/dL. To convert: multiply mg/dL by 59.48 to get μmol/L. For example, 6.0 mg/dL equals approximately 357 μmol/L.
⚠️ Risks, Limitations, and Important Warnings
Test Procedure Risks
The blood draw for uric acid testing carries minimal risks:
- Bruising at puncture site: Occurs in 5-10% of blood draws
- Vasovagal response (fainting): Affects 1-5% of individuals
- Hematoma formation: Occurs in 1-3% of cases
- Infection: Extremely rare, less than 0.1%
Diagnostic Limitations
The ACR/EULAR 2015 gout classification criteria achieve 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity when serum uric acid is incorporated into the scoring system.[Evidence: D][10] This means approximately 8% of true gout cases may be missed, and 11% of positive results may occur in patients without gout.
The serum to synovial fluid urate ratio provides better discrimination. A ratio of 1.005 or less distinguishes gouty arthritis from other forms with an area under the curve of 0.867.[Evidence: C][8] However, this requires joint fluid aspiration, which is more invasive than a simple blood test.
Factors Affecting Accuracy
| Factor | Effect on Uric Acid | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| Diuretics (thiazides, loop) | Increases levels | Inform provider; do not stop without approval |
| Low-dose aspirin | Increases levels | Inform provider; typically continue |
| Allopurinol, febuxostat | Decreases levels | Expected effect if prescribed for gout |
| Dehydration | Increases levels | Stay hydrated before testing |
| Recent high-purine meal | Temporarily increases | Avoid organ meats, shellfish 24 hours before |
| Intense exercise | Temporarily increases | Avoid strenuous activity day of test |
🥗 How to Prepare for a Uric Acid Test
Pre-Test Checklist
- Fasting (if recommended): Your provider may request 4-8 hours of fasting. Water is typically permitted.
- Dietary preparation: Avoid high-purine foods (red meat, organ meats, shellfish, beer) for 24 hours before testing.
- Medication disclosure: Bring a complete list of all medications, supplements, and vitamins you take.
- Hydration: Drink adequate water unless instructed otherwise. Dehydration can falsely elevate results.
- Activity level: Avoid strenuous exercise on the day of your test.
What to Expect During the Test
Blood test (serum uric acid): A healthcare professional will clean your arm, apply a tourniquet, and insert a needle into a vein. The blood draw takes approximately 5 minutes. You may feel a brief pinch. Apply pressure to the site afterward to minimize bruising.
24-hour urine collection: You will receive a special container to collect all urine over 24 hours. Begin by emptying your bladder into the toilet (do not collect this). Then collect every subsequent urination for the next 24 hours, including the first morning void the following day. Keep the container refrigerated during collection.
Getting Your Results
Laboratory results are typically available within 1-2 days. Your healthcare provider will review the results in context of your symptoms, medical history, and other test findings. A single elevated reading does not necessarily indicate disease, and your doctor may recommend repeat testing or additional evaluation.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Stopping medications without guidance: Never discontinue prescribed medications before testing without your doctor's approval, even if they affect uric acid levels.
- Inconsistent specimen collection: For 24-hour urine tests, missing even one urination invalidates the results. Set reminders if needed.
- Testing during acute gout attack: Serum uric acid may be falsely normal during acute episodes. Testing 2-4 weeks after an attack provides more accurate baseline levels.
- Over-interpreting home test results: While point-of-care devices show strong correlation with laboratory testing (96.4%),[Evidence: C][9] always confirm significant findings with laboratory analysis.
⚖️ Uric Acid Test vs. Other Diagnostic Options
Blood Test vs. Urine Test
| Feature | Blood Test (Serum) | Urine Test (24-Hour) |
|---|---|---|
| What It Measures | Current uric acid level in blood | Total uric acid excreted by kidneys |
| Collection Time | 5 minutes | 24 hours |
| Best For | Gout monitoring, routine screening | Identifying over-producers vs. under-excretors |
| CPT Code | 84550 | 84560 |
| Typical Cost | $8-$51 | $15-$75 |
Uric Acid Test vs. Synovial Fluid Analysis for Gout
While the uric acid blood test is convenient and non-invasive, synovial fluid analysis remains the gold standard for definitive gout diagnosis. Identification of monosodium urate crystals in joint fluid is a sufficient criterion for gout classification.[Evidence: D][10]
The serum to synovial fluid urate ratio adds diagnostic value. A study comparing 20 gout patients, 20 rheumatoid arthritis patients, and 30 osteoarthritis patients found that a ratio of 1.005 or less distinguishes gouty arthritis from other conditions with an area under the curve of 0.867 (p<0.001).[Evidence: C][8]
Point-of-Care Testing vs. Laboratory Testing
Modern point-of-care (POC) uric acid meters allow fingerprick testing similar to glucose monitors. Validation studies demonstrate strong agreement with laboratory methods:
- The HumaSensplus device achieved an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.90 compared to laboratory plasma assays, with 93.2% accuracy at a 20% margin.[Evidence: C][6]
- A clinical utility study found Pearson correlation of 96.4% between fingerprick capillary samples and venous blood samples.[Evidence: C][9]
- ROC analysis showed an area under the curve of 99% for detecting hyperuricemia above 0.3 mmol/L, with 97.8% sensitivity and 86.8% specificity at this threshold.[Evidence: C][9]
POC devices are clinically useful for routine gout management and dose titration of urate-lowering therapy. However, they may have lower accuracy than laboratory testing in certain clinical situations.
Imaging for Kidney Stones
For kidney stone assessment, the uric acid test complements imaging studies. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) can differentiate uric acid stones from non-uric acid calculi with a mean sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79-0.93) and specificity of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99) according to a meta-analysis of 14 studies involving 662 patients.[Evidence: A][4] This imaging approach is superior to serum uric acid alone for stone characterization.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Maintaining serum uric acid below 6 mg/dL is the recommended target for gout management, with monitoring after each dose adjustment of urate-lowering therapy (42 recommendations developed using GRADE methodology).[Evidence: D][1]
- Point-of-care uric acid testing demonstrates clinical utility with 97.8% sensitivity and 86.8% specificity for detecting hyperuricemia above 0.3 mmol/L, and 96.4% correlation with laboratory venous testing.[Evidence: C][9]
- Urate-lowering therapy reduces composite renal events in asymptomatic hyperuricemia based on network meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials involving 19,401 patients.[Evidence: A][3]
- Elevated serum uric acid is associated with preeclampsia across all trimesters of pregnancy, supported by meta-analysis of 196 studies involving 39,540 women.[Evidence: A][7]
- Dual-energy CT achieves 88% sensitivity and 98% specificity for identifying uric acid kidney stones based on meta-analysis of 14 studies.[Evidence: A][4]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Optimal frequency of uric acid monitoring in asymptomatic hyperuricemia remains unclear. Studies used varying follow-up periods.
- Whether treating asymptomatic hyperuricemia prevents gout onset is not definitively established. Current evidence focuses on renal outcomes.
- Head-to-head comparisons of different point-of-care devices are limited. Most validation studies examine single devices against laboratory standards.
- Pediatric reference ranges and clinical thresholds are not well-established outside of metabolic disorders.
- Long-term outcomes beyond 5-10 years for kidney stone prophylaxis require additional study.
Where Caution Is Needed
- Serum uric acid alone has limited diagnostic accuracy for gout. The ACR/EULAR criteria achieve only 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity, meaning 8% of true cases may be missed.[Evidence: D][10]
- During acute gout attacks, serum uric acid may be falsely normal in 15-63% of patients. Testing 2-4 weeks after resolution provides more reliable baseline values.
- Point-of-care devices, while clinically useful, achieved 93.2% accuracy at a 20% margin against laboratory standards, meaning some results may differ significantly.[Evidence: C][6]
- Multiple medications affect uric acid levels. Results must be interpreted in context of current medications.
Should YOU Try This Test?
Best suited for: Individuals with symptoms of gout (sudden joint pain, swelling), recurrent kidney stones, those undergoing chemotherapy, pregnant women at risk for preeclampsia, and patients already on urate-lowering therapy requiring monitoring.
Not recommended as screening for: General population without symptoms or risk factors. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia prevalence is high, but routine screening guidelines do not exist.
Realistic timeline: Blood draw takes 5 minutes. Results available in 1-2 days. For gout management, monitoring continues indefinitely with testing after each medication dose adjustment.[Evidence: D][1]
When to consult a professional: If you experience sudden severe joint pain (especially in the big toe), pass kidney stones, notice swelling or redness in joints, or are starting cancer treatment. Your doctor will determine the appropriate testing approach based on your specific situation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does low uric acid mean?
Low uric acid (hypouricemia), typically below 2 mg/dL, is uncommon but can indicate several conditions. Potential causes include Wilson's disease, Fanconi syndrome, certain genetic mutations affecting uric acid reabsorption, liver disease, or excessive urinary excretion. Some medications including high-dose salicylates and certain contrast dyes can also lower levels. While generally less concerning than elevated levels, very low uric acid may increase oxidative stress since uric acid has some antioxidant properties. Your healthcare provider will evaluate low results in the context of your overall health and may recommend additional testing to identify the underlying cause.
Can medications affect uric acid test results?
Yes, many medications significantly impact uric acid levels. Diuretics (thiazides, furosemide) and low-dose aspirin increase uric acid by reducing kidney excretion. Niacin and cyclosporine also raise levels. Conversely, urate-lowering agents like allopurinol and febuxostat decrease levels as their intended effect. The ACR recommends allopurinol as first-line urate-lowering therapy, with monitoring after each dose titration. Always provide your healthcare provider with a complete medication list before testing. Do not stop any prescribed medications without explicit guidance from your doctor.
How much does a uric acid test cost?
Uric acid test costs vary by provider and location. Laboratory blood tests (CPT code 84550) typically range from $8-$51 when ordered through direct-access labs or with insurance. The 24-hour urine test (CPT code 84560) costs $15-$75. At-home point-of-care uric acid meters cost $90-$150 for the device plus $20-$40 for test strips. Most insurance plans cover medically necessary uric acid testing when ordered by a physician. Check with your insurance provider about coverage and copay amounts. Medicare typically covers the test when ordered for diagnosis or management of gout, kidney stones, or chemotherapy monitoring.
What foods should I avoid before a uric acid test?
Avoid high-purine foods for 24 hours before testing to prevent falsely elevated results. High-purine foods include organ meats (liver, kidney, sweetbreads), red meat, game meat, certain seafood (anchovies, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout), and beer. Moderate-purine foods to limit include other shellfish, bacon, turkey, veal, and venison. Foods generally safe to eat before testing include eggs, dairy products, most vegetables, fruits, bread, and pasta. Staying hydrated with water is important, as dehydration can artificially elevate uric acid levels.
When should I get a uric acid test?
Consider a uric acid test if you experience symptoms of gout (sudden severe joint pain, especially in the big toe), recurrent kidney stones, or are starting chemotherapy for cancer. Pregnant women may be tested to assess preeclampsia risk, as elevated uric acid is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (OR 1.29 for preeclampsia, OR 1.23 for preterm birth). For gout patients on urate-lowering therapy, regular monitoring helps ensure treatment targets are met. Your doctor will recommend testing frequency based on your individual situation.
Is the uric acid test accurate?
Laboratory uric acid testing is highly accurate and reproducible using modern enzymatic methods. However, diagnostic accuracy for specific conditions varies. The ACR/EULAR 2015 gout classification criteria incorporating serum uric acid achieve 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Point-of-care devices show strong correlation with laboratory methods (96.4% Pearson correlation) and 97.8% sensitivity for detecting hyperuricemia. The test has limitations during acute gout attacks, when levels may appear falsely normal in 15-63% of cases. Timing and clinical context matter for accurate interpretation.
What happens during a uric acid test?
For a blood test, you will sit in a chair while a phlebotomist cleans your inner elbow with alcohol. They apply a tourniquet around your upper arm to make veins more visible, then insert a small needle into a vein. You may feel a brief pinch. Blood flows into collection tubes for 30-60 seconds. After removal, you apply pressure with gauze for 1-2 minutes. The entire process takes about 5 minutes. For 24-hour urine collection, you receive a container and instructions for collecting all urine over 24 hours, which you then return to the laboratory for analysis.
Can you have gout with normal uric acid levels?
Yes. This is one of the most important limitations of the uric acid test. During acute gout attacks, serum uric acid levels may be normal in 15-63% of patients due to increased renal excretion triggered by the inflammatory response. This is why the ACR/EULAR classification criteria do not rely solely on uric acid levels. The criteria incorporate clinical features, imaging findings, and laboratory results together, achieving 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity. If gout is suspected despite normal levels, testing should be repeated 2-4 weeks after the acute attack resolves. Synovial fluid crystal analysis provides definitive diagnosis.
What causes high uric acid levels?
High uric acid (hyperuricemia) results from overproduction, under-excretion, or both. Overproduction occurs with high-purine diets, rapid cell turnover (cancer, psoriasis), genetic enzyme defects, and tumor lysis syndrome during chemotherapy. Under-excretion happens with kidney disease, certain medications (diuretics, low-dose aspirin), lead toxicity, and metabolic syndrome. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and alcohol consumption, particularly beer. A network meta-analysis of 23 RCTs found that treating asymptomatic hyperuricemia with allopurinol or febuxostat reduces composite renal events compared to placebo.
Can a uric acid test detect kidney problems?
The uric acid test provides indirect information about kidney function since kidneys are responsible for excreting approximately 70% of daily uric acid production. Elevated levels may indicate reduced kidney function, though this is not specific. For kidney stone assessment, uric acid testing helps identify stone composition, which guides treatment. Approximately 10% of all kidney stones are uric acid stones, and two-thirds of these dissolve with urinary pH increase and volume expansion. Without preventive treatment, recurrence rates reach 50% within 5-10 years and 75% within 20 years. For comprehensive kidney evaluation, your doctor will order additional tests including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout, FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al., Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2020;72(6):744-760, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: D]
- 2 . Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and risk of preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, Piani F, Agnoletti D, Baracchi A, et al., Journal of Hypertension, 2023;41(7):1233-1241, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: C]
- 3 . Efficacy and safety of urate-lowering agents in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Sapankaew T, Thadanipon K, Ruenroengbun N, et al., BMC Nephrology, 2022;23(1):223, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: A]
- 4 . Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to differentiate uric acid from non-uric acid calculi: systematic review and meta-analysis, McGrath TA, Frank RA, Schieda N, et al., European Radiology, 2020;30(5):2791-2801, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: A]
- 6 . Accuracy of the HumaSensplus point-of-care uric acid meter using capillary blood obtained by fingertip puncture, Fabre S, Clerson P, Launay JM, et al., Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2018;20(1):78, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: C]
- 7 . The prognostic role of serum uric acid levels in preeclampsia: A meta-analysis, Bellos I, Pergialiotis V, Loutradis D, Daskalakis G, Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 2020;22(5):826-834, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: A]
- 8 . Serum/Synovial Fluid Urate Ratio as an Indicator for Distinguishing Gouty Arthritis From Other Arthritides, Lu S, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Archives of Rheumatology, 2019;34(2):220-224, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: C]
- 9 . Point-of-care uric acid testing is useful in routine clinical care of gout, Riches PL, Sing K, Berg K, Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2019;21(1):117, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: C]
- 10 . 2015 Gout Classification Criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative, Neogi T, Jansen TL, Dalbeth N, et al., Arthritis & Rheumatology, 2015;67(10):2557-2568, PubMed, DOI [Evidence: D]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
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