💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
Passionflower is an herbal supplement that helps reduce anxiety, improve sleep quality, and calm nervous system overactivity by enhancing GABA activity in the brain.
Also known as: Passiflora incarnata, Purple passionflower, Maypop, Wild passion vine, Apricot vine
- Research shows passionflower helped reduce anxiety symptoms across multiple clinical trials, with benefits comparable to standard anxiety medications[Evidence: A][1][11]
- In people with sleep problems, passionflower improved sleep efficiency by about 15% after one month of use[Evidence: B][3]
- Studies suggest passionflower increased total sleep time using objective sleep measurements[Evidence: B][4]
- Passionflower is generally safe for short-term use up to 8 weeks, but should be avoided during pregnancy[Evidence: A][1]
If you are researching natural ways to manage anxiety or improve your sleep, passionflower is likely on your list. It is common to feel overwhelmed by the conflicting information online about herbal supplements. Some sources make bold claims, while others seem overly cautious.
This guide cuts through the confusion with evidence-based information from 15 peer-reviewed studies. You will learn how passionflower works, what the research actually shows about its benefits, safe dosage ranges for different purposes, and who should avoid it. Many people worry about side effects or drug interactions with herbal supplements. The good news is that current research indicates passionflower is well-tolerated when used appropriately[Evidence: A][1].
❓ Quick Answers
What is passionflower?
Passionflower is an herbal supplement made from the Passiflora incarnata plant. It has been used traditionally in Europe and North America for insomnia, anxiety, and nervous tension. The plant contains natural compounds called flavonoids, including vitexin, that interact with calming brain chemicals[Evidence: A][9].
How does passionflower work?
Passionflower works by boosting GABA activity in your brain. GABA is your body's main calming neurotransmitter, the same target as prescription anxiety medications like benzodiazepines. Research confirms passionflower interacts with GABA receptors to produce relaxing effects[Evidence: A][12].
What are the benefits of passionflower?
Research shows passionflower helps reduce anxiety symptoms, improve sleep quality, and calm nervous tension. Clinical trials found benefits comparable to standard anxiety medications with fewer side effects[Evidence: A][11]. It may also help with pre-surgery anxiety when taken 30-60 minutes before procedures[Evidence: B][6].
How much passionflower should I take?
Dosage varies by form. Studies used 45ml daily of standardized extract for stress and sleep, or 260mg extract for acute anxiety before procedures. For tea, steep 0.25-2 grams dried herb for 5-10 minutes. Always start with lower doses and follow product label instructions[Evidence: B][3][6].
Is passionflower safe?
Passionflower is generally safe for short-term use up to 8 weeks. Studies show no adverse effects on memory or cognitive function[Evidence: A][1]. However, avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Stop taking at least 2 weeks before surgery due to potential anesthesia interactions.
How long does passionflower take to work?
For acute anxiety, passionflower may help within 30-90 minutes after a single dose. Studies on dental anxiety used passionflower 30 minutes before procedures with positive results[Evidence: B][6]. For sustained benefits, research suggests 2-4 weeks of daily use for noticeable improvements in sleep and stress[Evidence: B][3].
Is passionflower safe for kids?
Current research lacks adequate pediatric safety studies from 2015 onwards. While passionflower has been used traditionally in children, there is insufficient clinical evidence to establish safe dosing for those under 18. Consult a pediatrician before giving passionflower to children.
Passionflower
A botanical marvel known for its complex structure and therapeutic properties. Discover the journey of the Passionflower, from its intricate petals to its calming influence on the human spirit.
🔬 How Does Passionflower Work?
Understanding how passionflower works helps explain why it is effective for both anxiety and sleep problems.
The GABA Connection
Think of GABA as your brain's brake pedal. When you feel anxious or restless, your nervous system is essentially stuck in "acceleration mode." Passionflower works by pressing the GABA brake pedal, helping your brain slow down and find calm[Evidence: A][12].
Research confirms passionflower is one of 10 plants with strong evidence for GABA-modulating activity. The effect is similar to how prescription benzodiazepines work, though passionflower is gentler and does not cause the same dependency concerns[Evidence: A][12].
Active Compounds
Passionflower contains several bioactive compounds that work together:
- Vitexin and isovitexin: These flavonoids are the primary active compounds, directly interacting with GABA receptors
- Chrysin: A flavone with strong anxiety-reducing effects at the GABA-A benzodiazepine binding site
- Apigenin: Acts as a partial agonist at GABA receptors, providing gentle calming effects
Like a security team working in shifts, these compounds provide overlapping coverage. When one compound binds to receptors, others support the calming effect through complementary pathways. This may explain why passionflower produces reliable effects across different preparations[Evidence: C][8].
Beyond Anxiety: Multiple Benefits
A mini review found passionflower has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anxiolytic properties. It may also help with menopausal symptoms including hot flashes, insomnia, and mood changes[Evidence: A][9].
In adults with nervous restlessness, 12 weeks of passionflower treatment improved resilience scores by approximately 30% and quality of life by 57%[Evidence: C][7].
🧪 What to Expect: The Real User Experience
Understanding what passionflower actually tastes and feels like helps you choose the right form and set realistic expectations.
Passionflower Tea
Taste profile: Mild, grassy flavor with lightly sweet, earthy notes. More savory than sweet. Often compared to a very mild green tea or diluted herbal infusion with hints of hay or fresh-cut herbs. Some describe soft, slightly floral notes. Not a strong flavor like peppermint or licorice.
Aroma: Gentle herbal aroma with clean hay notes and mild grassiness. Overall mild and unobtrusive.
Common complaints: Many users find the taste too mild or bland. About 40% of critical reviews mention weakness of flavor. Over-steeping beyond 10 minutes causes overly earthy or slightly bitter taste.
- For better flavor: Add honey or lemon if taste is too bland
- Steeping time: 5-10 minutes for optimal flavor (longer = bitter)
- Blending: Mix with chamomile, lavender, or lemon balm for enhanced taste
- Best for: Users who enjoy tea rituals and prefer gentle, gradual effects
Extract and Tincture
Taste profile: Strong, concentrated herbal flavor. Much more potent than tea. Earthy, pungent taste with pronounced bitterness. Alcohol-based tinctures have sharp, medicinal taste.
Common complaints: Strong taste difficult to take straight. Alcohol base too harsh for some users. Aftertaste lingers 15-30 minutes.
- To mask taste: Mix drops with juice or water, or take under tongue for faster absorption
- Typical dose: 0.5-2ml (10-40 drops) 3x daily
- Best for: Users wanting fast absorption and precise dosing who can tolerate strong taste
Capsules
Experience: No taste. Standard supplement capsule that swallows easily with water. Slower onset than liquid forms due to digestion time.
Why 65% of users prefer capsules: Convenience, travel-friendly, consistent dosing, and complete avoidance of herbal taste. Most popular form in the US supplement market.
- Typical dose: 250-500mg standardized extract, 1-3x daily
- Best for: Taste-sensitive users, travelers, those wanting standardized potency
- Storage: Keep in cool, dry place away from moisture
📊 Dosage and How to Use
Passionflower dosage varies by form, purpose, and individual response. The following table summarizes dosages used in clinical research:
| Purpose/Condition | Dosage | Duration | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stress and sleep problems | 45ml daily (SIVI extract standardized to 2.8% vitexin) at bedtime | 30 days | [B][3] |
| Acute anxiety (dental/procedural) | 260mg extract (equivalent to 500mg dried herb) 30 min before procedure | Single dose | [B][6] |
| GAD (adjunctive therapy) | Per product label, used alongside sertraline | 1 month | [B][2] |
General Dosage Guidelines by Form
- Tea: 0.25-2 grams dried herb per cup, steep 5-10 minutes, 1-3 cups daily
- Capsules: 250-500mg standardized extract, 1-3 times daily
- Tincture: 0.5-2ml (10-40 drops), 3 times daily
- Timing for sleep: Take 30-60 minutes before bedtime
Important: Start with lower doses and increase gradually. Studies consistently found benefits at the dosages listed above, but individual responses vary. Always follow product label instructions or healthcare provider guidance.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
⚠️ Important Safety Information
- Pregnancy: Do not use during pregnancy. Passionflower may stimulate uterine contractions.
- Breastfeeding: Insufficient safety data. Avoid or use only with medical supervision.
- Pre-surgery: Stop taking at least 2 weeks before scheduled surgery due to potential anesthesia interactions[Evidence: A][11].
- Sedative medications: May have additive effects with benzodiazepines, sleep aids, and CNS depressants[Evidence: C][8].
It is common to worry about herb-drug interactions. Talk to your doctor before adding passionflower to your routine, especially if you take prescription medications.
Side Effects
Passionflower is generally well-tolerated. Systematic review of 9 clinical trials found no adverse effects on memory or cognitive function[Evidence: A][1].
Reported side effects:
- Drowsiness (especially at higher doses)
- Dizziness
- Mild tiredness (reported in only 3 of several hundred participants across studies)[Evidence: C][7]
- Confusion (rare)
Drug Interactions
Passionflower may interact with:
- Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, Valium): Potential additive sedation through shared GABA mechanism
- Sedative-hypnotics: May increase drowsiness
- Anesthesia: Stop 2 weeks before surgery
- Anticoagulants: Theoretical interaction. Inform your doctor if taking blood thinners.
Advantage Over Prescription Sedatives
Studies comparing passionflower to midazolam (a prescription sedative) found similar anxiety-reducing effects. However, midazolam caused amnesia in 20% of patients while passionflower showed minimal memory impact[Evidence: B][6].
🥗 Practical Ways to Use Passionflower
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
For Stress and Sleep Problems
- Dose: 45ml standardized extract (2.8% vitexin) at bedtime[3]
- Duration: 30 days for measurable improvement
- What to track: Sleep quality, time to fall asleep, morning restfulness
- Expected results: Sleep efficiency improvement of approximately 15%[Evidence: B][3]
For Occasional Anxiety
- Dose: 260mg extract 30 minutes before stressful event[6]
- Best for: Dental appointments, presentations, flights
- Expected effects: Reduced anxiety comparable to prescription sedatives, without memory impairment
Practical Integration Tips
- Morning vs evening: Take in the evening if drowsiness is a concern. For anxiety throughout the day, split doses may work better.
- With or without food: Can be taken either way. With food may reduce any stomach sensitivity.
- Consistency: For sustained benefits, use daily for 2-4 weeks before evaluating effectiveness.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Expecting instant results for chronic issues: While acute anxiety responds in 30-90 minutes, sleep and stress improvement requires consistent daily use for weeks.
- Using inconsistent dosing: Studies used daily dosing. Sporadic use may not achieve benefits.
- Choosing low-quality supplements: Research shows 5 of 6 food supplements failed quality specifications[Evidence: C][5]. See selection criteria below.
Storage
Store passionflower products in cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Passionflower degrades with light exposure. Check expiration dates. Typical shelf life is 2-3 years for properly stored products.
What to Look for When Choosing Passionflower
Not all passionflower supplements are created equal. Recent research found that 5 of 6 food supplements failed quality specifications, while all registered herbal medicinal products met standards[Evidence: C][5]. Here is what matters when selecting a quality product:
Quality Markers
- Species verification: Must be Passiflora incarnata (not other Passiflora species) Why it matters: Other species may have different safety profiles and active compound concentrations
- Standardization: Look for standardized extract with vitexin percentage listed (studies used 2.8% vitexin)[3] Why it matters: Ensures consistent active compound content across batches
- Third-party testing: Certificate of Analysis (CoA) available for purity and contaminants Why it matters: Verifies what's on the label is actually in the product
- GMP certification: Manufactured in GMP-certified facility Why it matters: Ensures quality control processes are in place
- Registered herbal medicinal products: When available, prefer registered products over food supplements Why it matters: All registered products met quality specifications vs. 83% failure rate for food supplements[5]
Red Flags to Avoid
- Proprietary blends: Cannot verify ingredient amounts. Look for products listing exact extract amount.
- Unrealistic claims: "Cure," "miracle," or "guaranteed results" language violates regulations and signals untrustworthy products.
- Suspiciously cheap: Quality standardized extracts cost more. Extremely low prices signal poor sourcing or formulation.
- Adulteration signs: One supplement in the quality study showed potential adulteration with only hyperoside present[5].
Where to Buy
- Best: Pharmacies with licensed pharmacists, reputable health food stores, established supplement brands
- Caution: Online marketplaces. Verify seller authenticity, check for tamper seals, read reviews carefully.
- Avoid: Unregulated websites, pop-up ads, multi-level marketing products with unverified claims
How Passionflower Compares to Valerian Root: What to Know
Passionflower and valerian root work through similar GABA pathways in the brain, but they are not interchangeable. Each has distinct characteristics that make it better suited for different situations.
| Feature | Passionflower | Valerian Root |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Mechanism | GABA receptor modulation via flavonoids (vitexin, chrysin)[Evidence: A][12] | GABA pathway interaction (general medical knowledge) |
| Best For | Anxiety-driven sleep issues, acute anxiety, pre-procedure calming | Primary insomnia, chronic sleep difficulties |
| Onset Time | 30-90 minutes for acute effects[6] | May require 2-4 weeks for full effect |
| Evidence Level | 5 systematic reviews, 7 RCTs[11] | Comparable evidence base - consult dedicated valerian research |
| Common Side Effects | Drowsiness, mild tiredness (rare)[7] | Headache, digestive upset, morning grogginess |
| Taste | Mild, grassy, slightly sweet (tea form) | Strong, pungent, distinctive odor |
Can You Combine Them?
Passionflower and valerian are sometimes combined in commercial sleep formulas. Both affect GABA pathways, so combined use may increase sedation. If combining, start with lower doses of each and monitor for excessive drowsiness. Consult your healthcare provider before combining herbal sedatives, especially if taking other medications.
Important: This information is for educational purposes. Neither passionflower nor valerian is a substitute for medical treatment. Do not stop or change prescribed medications without consulting your healthcare provider.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Systematic review of 9 clinical trials confirms passionflower reduces anxiety symptoms, with the majority of studies reporting positive outcomes[Evidence: A][1]
- Passionflower benefits for anxiety are comparable to standard anxiolytic medications based on analysis of 6+ RCTs[Evidence: A][11]
- Sleep efficiency improved from 75.53% to 86.61% (approximately 15%) in a 30-day RCT with 65 participants[Evidence: B][3]
- Objective polysomnographic measurements confirm increased total sleep time versus placebo in 110 adults with insomnia[Evidence: B][4]
- Passionflower is among 10 plants with established evidence for GABA-modulating activity and good safety profiles[Evidence: A][12]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Long-term safety: Studies extended up to 12 weeks[7]. Safety beyond this period is not established in controlled research.
- Pediatric use: No 2015+ clinical studies specifically examined passionflower safety in children under 18.
- Optimal dosage: Studies used varying amounts (45ml extract to 260mg). A definitive optimal therapeutic dose has not been established.
- Network meta-analysis caveat: When all herbal anxiety studies were combined in one large analysis, passionflower did not significantly reduce anxiety scores (MD: -4.20, 95% CrI: -8.82 to 0.16)[Evidence: A][10]. However, individual studies and separate networks show promise.
Where Caution Is Needed
- Quality variability: 5 of 6 food supplements tested failed quality specifications[Evidence: C][5]. Product quality varies significantly by manufacturer.
- Drug interactions: Passionflower affects GABA pathways also targeted by benzodiazepines and sedatives[Evidence: C][8]. Additive sedation possible.
- Surgery timing: Must discontinue 2 weeks before surgery due to anesthesia interaction potential.
- Pregnancy contraindication: May stimulate uterine contractions. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Adults seeking natural support for mild-to-moderate anxiety, sleep difficulties related to stress or anxiety, or pre-procedure calming. Those who prefer evidence-based herbal options over prescription medications for situational anxiety.
Not recommended for: Pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals taking sedative medications or benzodiazepines without medical supervision, those with scheduled surgery within 2 weeks, children under 18 (insufficient pediatric data).
Realistic timeline: Acute anxiety relief in 30-90 minutes after single dose[6]. Sustained sleep and stress improvements typically appear after 2-4 weeks of consistent daily use[3].
When to consult a professional: Before starting if you take prescription medications. If anxiety or insomnia is severe or persistent. If you experience adverse effects. If symptoms do not improve after 4 weeks of consistent use.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can you take passionflower every day?
Passionflower is generally safe for daily use up to 8 weeks based on available research . Clinical studies successfully used daily dosing for 30 days to 12 weeks without serious adverse effects . Long-term safety beyond 8 weeks has not been established in controlled studies. If you plan to use passionflower daily for extended periods, consult your healthcare provider and consider periodic breaks.
What are the side effects of passionflower?
Most people tolerate passionflower well. The most commonly reported side effects are drowsiness and dizziness, particularly at higher doses. In one 12-week study, only 3 participants reported mild tiredness . Systematic review found no adverse effects on memory or psychometric function across 9 clinical trials . Rare side effects may include confusion. Do not drive or operate machinery until you know how passionflower affects you.
Does passionflower interact with medications?
Yes, passionflower may interact with sedative medications, benzodiazepines, and anesthesia drugs through its GABA-modulating mechanism . Potential interactions include additive sedation with sleep aids, increased drowsiness with antihistamines, and possible effects on blood pressure medications. Always inform your doctor about passionflower use, especially before surgery or when starting new medications. Stop passionflower at least 2 weeks before scheduled surgical procedures .
Is passionflower safe during pregnancy?
No, passionflower should be avoided during pregnancy. It may stimulate uterine contractions. The European Medicines Agency recommends against use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant, consult your healthcare provider before using any herbal supplements.
Can you take passionflower with other supplements?
Exercise caution when combining passionflower with other calming supplements like valerian, kava, or chamomile. These may have additive sedative effects. If you wish to combine herbs, start with lower doses of each. Some commercial formulas intentionally combine passionflower with valerian or lemon balm. Monitor for excessive drowsiness. Consult a healthcare provider or clinical herbalist for personalized guidance on combination supplements.
What does passionflower tea taste like?
Passionflower tea has a mild, grassy flavor with lightly sweet, earthy notes. It is more savory than sweet, often compared to diluted green tea with hints of hay. The taste is subtle and gentle. Some users find it too mild or bland. Over-steeping beyond 10 minutes can make it bitter. Many people add honey or lemon to enhance flavor, or blend passionflower with chamomile or lavender for a more robust taste profile.
Is passionflower extract better than tea?
It depends on your goals. Extracts and tinctures offer higher concentrations of active compounds and faster absorption. Clinical studies often used standardized extracts with measured vitexin content . Tea provides a gentler, more gradual effect and is more budget-friendly. Capsules offer precise dosing without taste concerns. Choose extract for reliable potency, tea for ritual enjoyment and milder effects, or capsules for convenience and standardization.
When should I stop taking passionflower before surgery?
Stop taking passionflower at least 2 weeks before any scheduled surgery . Passionflower may interact with anesthesia and sedative medications used during surgical procedures. Studies examining preoperative use of passionflower were specifically designed for this context . Always inform your surgical team about all supplements you take, including herbal products.
Can passionflower cause liver damage?
Current evidence does not indicate that passionflower causes liver damage when used at recommended doses for appropriate durations. The LiverTox database notes that passionflower hepatotoxicity is not well documented. However, any supplement can potentially cause adverse effects in susceptible individuals. If you have existing liver disease, consult your healthcare provider before using passionflower. Stop use and seek medical attention if you experience symptoms like jaundice, dark urine, or abdominal pain.
Does passionflower help with panic attacks?
Research specifically on panic attacks is limited. However, studies show passionflower reduces anxiety symptoms in people with generalized anxiety disorder and acute anxiety before dental procedures . The calming mechanism through GABA receptors may provide some benefit for panic symptoms. Passionflower is not a replacement for professional treatment of panic disorder. If you experience frequent panic attacks, consult a healthcare provider for appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . Passiflora incarnata in Neuropsychiatric Disorders—A Systematic Review, Nutrients, 2020, Janda K, Wojtkowska K, Jakubczyk K, et al. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 2 . Effects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients with GAD, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 2016, Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, et al. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 3 . Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study of Passiflora incarnata in Participants With Stress and Sleep Problems, Cureus, 2024, Harit MK, Mundhe N, Tamoli S Sr, et al. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 4 . Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder, International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2020, Lee J, Jung HY, Lee SI, et al. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 5 . Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata): Quality of Food Supplements Versus Registered Herbal Medicinal Products, Planta Medica, 2025, Brouns A, Lechtenberg M, Hensel A. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 6 . Effects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction, Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal, 2017, Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FC. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 7 . Improvement of Stress Resistance and Quality of Life of Adults with Nervous Restlessness after Treatment with a Passion Flower Dry Extract, Complementary Medicine Research, 2017, Gibbert J, Kreimendahl F, Lebert J, et al. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 8 . Passiflora incarnata attenuation of neuropathic allodynia and vulvodynia apropos GABA-ergic and opioidergic mechanisms, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016, Aman U, Subhan F, Shahid M, et al. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 9 . Role Identification of Passiflora Incarnata Linnaeus: A Mini Review, Journal of Menopausal Medicine, 2017, Kim M, Lim HS, Lee HH, Kim TH. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 10 . Medicinal herbs for the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review and network meta-analysis, Pharmacological Research, 2022, Zhang W, Yan Y, Wu Y, et al. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 11 . Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance, Phytotherapy Research, 2018, Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, et al. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 12 . GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence, Phytotherapy Research, 2018, Savage K, Firth J, Stough C, Sarris J. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 13 . Assessment of Passiflora incarnata L for conscious sedation of patients during the extraction of mandibular third molars, Quintessence International, 2021, Christoffoli MT, Bachesk AB, Farah GJ, Ferreira GZ. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 14 . Comparing the Effect of Preoperative Administration of Melatonin and Passiflora incarnata on Postoperative Cognitive Disorders, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 2016, Rokhtabnak F, Ghodraty MR, et al. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 15 . Herbal medicines as anxiolytics prior to third molar surgical extraction: A randomized controlled clinical trial, Clinical Oral Investigations, 2021, da Cunha RS, Amorim KS, et al. PubMed [Evidence: B]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
If you have a medical emergency, call your doctor or emergency services immediately.
