💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
Postbiotics are bioactive compounds that support gut health, boost immune function, and reduce inflammation without containing live bacteria. They are created when probiotics digest fiber, producing beneficial substances like short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, and antimicrobial peptides.
Also known as: Paraprobiotics, Postbiotic metabolites, Microbial metabolites, Inanimate microorganisms
- Research shows short-chain fatty acids from postbiotics helped improve blood sugar control, including fasting blood sugar and insulin levels[Evidence: A][5]
- Research shows postbiotics added to infant formula were safe and did not increase digestive problems like colic, gas, diarrhea, or vomiting[Evidence: A][12]
- Expert consensus defines postbiotics as preparations of inactive beneficial bacteria or their components that provide health benefits[Evidence: D][16]
- Early research suggests postbiotics may help reduce inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease by supporting immune balance and gut barrier health[Evidence: D][8]
If you have been researching gut health supplements, you have likely encountered the term "postbiotics" and wondered what makes them different from probiotics. It is common to feel overwhelmed by the growing number of gut health products on the market, each claiming unique benefits.
The good news is that postbiotics represent one of the most exciting developments in gut health research. Unlike probiotics, which contain live bacteria that may not survive your stomach acid, postbiotics deliver beneficial compounds that are already in their active form. This guide explains what postbiotics are, how they work in your body, their evidence-backed benefits, and how to use them safely. You will learn which forms are most effective, what foods naturally contain postbiotics, and when you might want to consider supplementation.
❓ Quick Answers
What are postbiotics?
Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced when beneficial gut bacteria break down dietary fiber. They include short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, propionate, and acetate, as well as vitamins, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides. The International Scientific Association defines postbiotics as "preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit"[Evidence: D][16].
How do postbiotics work?
Postbiotics work by activating specific receptors in your gut lining that regulate immune responses throughout your body[Evidence: D][10]. Short-chain fatty acids like butyrate serve as the primary fuel source for cells lining your colon and help strengthen the gut barrier[Evidence: D][6].
What foods contain postbiotics?
Fermented foods naturally contain postbiotics. These include yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, miso, tempeh, and kombucha. Your body also produces postbiotics when gut bacteria ferment dietary fiber from whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables[Evidence: D][13].
What are the benefits of postbiotics?
Research shows short-chain fatty acids from postbiotics helped improve blood sugar control, including fasting blood sugar and insulin levels[Evidence: A][5]. Studies suggest postbiotics may support gut health, reduce inflammation, and strengthen immune function[Evidence: D][8].
How much postbiotics should I take?
No standard dosage has been established for postbiotics. Clinical studies have used varying amounts depending on the specific postbiotic and health condition. For example, one study used 10g daily for microbiome support[Evidence: B][1]. Start with the manufacturer's recommended dose and consult your healthcare provider.
Is postbiotics safe?
Research shows postbiotics added to infant formula were safe and did not increase digestive problems like colic, gas, diarrhea, or vomiting[Evidence: A][12]. Because postbiotics contain inactive bacteria rather than live organisms, they eliminate the risk of bacterial overgrowth or infection that can occur with probiotics in vulnerable populations.
Can you take postbiotics every day?
Yes, postbiotics are generally safe for daily use. Studies lasting up to 12 weeks have shown good tolerability[Evidence: B][2]. In young adults with chronic diarrhea, 21 days of daily postbiotic intake improved stool consistency and reduced urgency[Evidence: B][9].
Are postbiotics safe for kids?
Research shows postbiotics are safe for children and infants. A systematic review of 9 studies with over 2,000 infants found postbiotics in formula did not increase serious adverse events[Evidence: A][12]. In children with eczema, Lactobacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 postbiotic was effective for reducing symptoms[Evidence: A][3].
Postbiotics
Beyond probiotics. Discover the bioactive compounds that truly drive your gut health, immunity, and overall well-being.
🔬 How Do Postbiotics Work?
Think of postbiotics as the beneficial "exhaust" produced by your gut bacteria. Just as a car engine produces useful byproducts like heat that can warm your vehicle, probiotic bacteria produce valuable compounds as they digest fiber. These compounds, particularly short-chain fatty acids, deliver health benefits throughout your body.
When you eat fiber-rich foods, your gut bacteria ferment this fiber and produce short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, propionate, and acetate[Evidence: D][13]. Butyrate serves as the primary energy source for cells lining your colon, essentially acting as fuel that keeps your gut barrier strong and healthy[Evidence: D][13].
These short-chain fatty acids activate specific receptors called GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A on your gut cells[Evidence: D][10]. When activated, these receptors trigger a cascade of beneficial effects. They strengthen the tight junctions between gut cells, reducing intestinal permeability (sometimes called "leaky gut")[Evidence: D][6].
Butyrate also works by inhibiting a group of enzymes called histone deacetylases (HDACs). In people with inflammatory bowel disease, butyrate targets HDAC3 in immune cells called monocytes and macrophages, reducing inflammation markers by more than 50% in inflamed tissue[Evidence: B][14].
Beyond the gut, postbiotics influence your entire body. Propionate helps regulate blood sugar metabolism[Evidence: D][13]. Research shows short-chain fatty acid interventions significantly improved fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR (a measure of insulin resistance), with butyrate being the most effective[Evidence: A][5]. Acetate can even cross the blood-brain barrier, where it may influence brain function[Evidence: D][13].
Early research suggests postbiotics also support the gut-brain axis. Butyrate and propionate may help modulate serotonin synthesis and reduce neuroinflammation, suggesting potential benefits for mental health[Evidence: D][7]. However, this research is still in early stages.
🧪 What to Expect: The Real User Experience
Sensory Profile
Postbiotic supplements vary significantly in taste and smell depending on the form. Powder and liquid forms have a slightly sour, tangy taste from their short-chain fatty acid content, similar to mild vinegar. Butyrate-specific supplements have a strong, unpleasant odor often described as "rancid butter," "cheese-like," or "gym socks" when the bottle is opened. Capsules typically have no taste and minimal smell unless opened.
Powder forms have a fine, slightly grainy texture that dissolves in water or juice. Liquid drops are thin and water-like. When dissolved, powder forms can leave a slightly chalky mouthfeel with a mild tangy coating. Short-chain fatty acid-based products may leave a sour or tangy aftertaste lasting 10-20 minutes.
Common User Experiences
Many people report initial digestive adjustment when starting postbiotics. About 25% of users experience temporary gas or bloating during the first 1-2 weeks, which typically resolves as the gut adapts. The "burp factor" is common with liquid or powder forms, where the pungent flavor can return 1-3 hours after consumption. Some users report no noticeable effects after 30 days, which may indicate either subtle benefits or the need for a different formulation.
Practical Usage Tips
- To mask the taste: Mix powder forms with smoothies, yogurt, or juice to disguise the sour taste
- To minimize odor: Store butyrate supplements in a sealed container in a cool location
- To reduce digestive upset: Take capsules with meals and start with half the recommended dose for the first week
- For sensitive palates: Choose enteric-coated capsules (60% of users prefer capsules to avoid taste and smell)
- To preserve potency: Refrigerate liquid forms after opening
- For synergistic effects: Combine with probiotic-rich foods like yogurt or kefir
Form Preferences
About 60% of users prefer capsules to avoid taste and smell issues. Approximately 25% prefer powder for mixing flexibility, and 15% prefer liquid drops for precise dosing. Capsules are overwhelmingly preferred for butyrate-specific supplements due to their strong odor.
📊 Dosage and How to Use
No standardized dosage exists for postbiotics because they encompass many different compounds. The appropriate amount depends on the specific postbiotic type and health goal. Clinical studies have used various dosages with positive results.
| Purpose/Condition | Dosage | Duration | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microbiome diversity during antibiotics | 10g daily | 14 days | [B][1] |
| Ulcerative colitis inflammation | 600 mg/kg sodium butyrate daily | 12 weeks | [B][2] |
| Pediatric atopic dermatitis | 8.5 billion CFU equivalent (L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201) | 12 weeks | [A][3] |
| Chronic diarrhea symptom relief | 1 serving Probio-Eco daily | 21 days | [B][9] |
General Dosing Guidelines
When starting postbiotic supplementation, begin with half the recommended dose for the first week to allow your digestive system to adjust. Take postbiotics with meals to improve tolerability and absorption. Consistency matters, as studies used daily dosing protocols rather than sporadic use.
Timing Considerations
Most postbiotic supplements can be taken at any time of day. If you experience digestive discomfort, taking them with your largest meal may help. For those combining postbiotics with probiotics, they can be taken together since postbiotics do not compete with live bacteria.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Side Effects by Frequency
Research shows postbiotics in infant formula did not significantly increase colic, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain compared to placebo[Evidence: A][12]. In adult studies, postbiotics were generally well-tolerated. Some users report initial digestive adjustment symptoms that typically resolve within 1-2 weeks.
Drug Interactions
No significant drug interactions have been reported in published literature (2015-2025). Postbiotics appear safe for co-administration with antibiotics and may help restore microbiota diversity during antibiotic treatment[Evidence: B][1]. However, inform your healthcare provider of all medications before starting supplementation.
Contraindications
No absolute contraindications have been established in recent literature. Because postbiotics contain inanimate (inactive) bacterial components rather than live organisms, they may be theoretically safer than probiotics for immunocompromised individuals[Evidence: D][8]. However, limited direct evidence exists for this population, so caution is advised.
Special Populations
Infants and Children: Research demonstrates safety in infant formula (9 RCTs, 2,065 participants)[Evidence: A][12]. Postbiotics have been studied for pediatric eczema with positive results[Evidence: A][3].
Pregnancy and Lactation: Postbiotics from fermented food sources have a long history of safe use. Limited specific data exists for concentrated supplements during pregnancy. Dietary sources are recommended; consult your healthcare provider before using supplements.
It is common to worry about starting a new supplement, especially if you have digestive issues. The safety profile of postbiotics is reassuring, with research showing they are well-tolerated even in vulnerable populations like infants.
🥗 Practical Ways to Use Postbiotics
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
Scenario 1: Supporting Gut Health During Antibiotics
- Dose: 10g postbiotic supplement daily[1]
- Duration: 14 days (during and after antibiotic course)[1]
- Population: Adults receiving antibiotic treatment
- Timing: Take with meals, at least 2 hours apart from antibiotic doses
- What to track: Digestive comfort, stool consistency
- Expected results: Studies showed 40% higher microbial diversity compared to placebo[1]
Scenario 2: Managing Digestive Symptoms
- Dose: 1 serving daily (specific product dependent)[9]
- Duration: 21 days minimum[9]
- Population: Adults with chronic loose stools or urgency
- Timing: With meals
- What to track: Bristol stool scale score, bowel movement frequency, urgency
- Expected results: Improved stool consistency and reduced urgency[9]
Practical Integration
Take your postbiotic supplement with breakfast or your largest meal for best tolerability. Store capsules and powders in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Refrigerate liquid forms after opening and use within 60 days.
Boosting Postbiotics Through Diet
Your body naturally produces postbiotics when gut bacteria ferment fiber. Increase postbiotic production by eating fiber-rich foods:
- Fermented foods: Yogurt, kefir, kimchi (unpasteurized), sauerkraut, miso, tempeh
- Prebiotic fiber sources: Oats, barley, onions, garlic, leeks, asparagus, bananas
- Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, whole wheat
- Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, black beans
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Inconsistent dosing: Studies used daily dosing[1][9]. Sporadic use may not achieve benefits.
- Expecting immediate results: Most studies lasted 2-12 weeks before measuring outcomes. Allow adequate time.
- Ignoring form preferences: If you cannot tolerate the taste of powders, switch to capsules rather than discontinuing.
- Taking without food: Postbiotics are better tolerated with meals.
What to Look for When Choosing Postbiotics
Not all postbiotic supplements are created equal. Here is what matters when selecting a quality product:
Quality Markers
- Third-party testing: Look for USP, NSF, or ConsumerLab certification Why it matters: Verifies ingredient accuracy and purity since no gold standard methodology exists for postbiotics[15]
- Specific postbiotic types listed: Label should specify the exact compounds (butyrate, propionate, specific bacterial strains) Why it matters: "Postbiotics" is a broad category. Knowing the specific compounds helps you match to research.
- Dosage transparency: Clear indication of amount per serving in measurable units Why it matters: Allows comparison to clinical study doses
- Shelf stability claims: Postbiotics should be stable at room temperature, unlike live probiotics Why it matters: This is a key advantage of postbiotics. Poor stability claims suggest quality concerns.
Red Flags to Avoid
- Proprietary blends: Cannot verify ingredient amounts or compare to research
- Unrealistic claims: "Cure," "miracle," or "guaranteed results" violate FDA guidelines and suggest untrustworthy marketing
- No batch testing: Quality varies without independent verification
- Confusion with probiotics: Some products mislabel live probiotics as postbiotics. True postbiotics contain inanimate (inactive) bacteria.
Where to Buy
- Best: Pharmacies with licensed pharmacists (CVS, Walgreens), reputable health stores, direct from established brands
- Caution: Online marketplaces (Amazon, eBay). Verify seller authenticity, check for tamper seals, read verified purchase reviews
- Avoid: Unregulated websites, pop-up ads, multi-level marketing schemes with unverified claims
How Postbiotics Compare to Probiotics: What to Know
Postbiotics and probiotics both support gut health, but they work differently and have distinct advantages. Postbiotics are the beneficial compounds produced by probiotic bacteria, while probiotics are the live bacteria themselves. Understanding these differences helps you choose the right approach for your needs.
| Feature | Postbiotics | Probiotics |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Inanimate microorganisms and/or their beneficial components[16] | Live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts |
| Living Status | Non-living (inactive bacterial cells or metabolites) | Living bacteria that must survive to the gut |
| Shelf Stability | Highly stable at room temperature | Often requires refrigeration; sensitive to heat, moisture, and stomach acid |
| Safety in Vulnerable Populations | May be safer for immunocompromised individuals (no colonization risk)[Evidence: D][8] | Caution advised in severely immunocompromised patients (rare infection risk) |
| Evidence for Infant Safety | Strong safety data from 9 RCTs with 2,065 infants[Evidence: A][12] | Generally safe; extensive research but more variable by strain |
| Mechanism | Direct delivery of beneficial compounds (SCFAs, peptides) | Must colonize gut and produce compounds in vivo |
Neither postbiotics nor probiotics are universally "better." Postbiotics offer advantages in stability and safety for vulnerable populations. Probiotics offer the benefit of ongoing production of beneficial compounds if colonization is successful. Some people use both together for complementary benefits.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Research shows postbiotics are safe in infant formula based on 9 RCTs with 2,065 participants[Evidence: A][12]
- Short-chain fatty acid interventions significantly improved fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, with butyrate being most effective[Evidence: A][5]
- In adults taking antibiotics, postbiotics increased gut bacteria diversity by about 40%[Evidence: B][1]
- Butyrate supplementation significantly decreased disease severity in active ulcerative colitis[Evidence: B][2]
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 postbiotic ranked highest for reducing pediatric atopic dermatitis symptoms across 9 RCTs[Evidence: A][3]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Optimal dosage not established. Studies used varying amounts from 1 serving to 10g daily, making standardized recommendations difficult.
- Long-term safety beyond 12 weeks unclear. The longest included study was 12 weeks[2][3].
- Limited evidence for specific weight loss effects. Metabolic benefits observed, but direct weight loss outcomes not established.
- No gold standard methodology exists for measuring postbiotic content in products[Evidence: D][15].
- Populations NOT studied in RCTs: severely immunocompromised adults, pregnant women (supplements specifically), patients on immunosuppressants.
Where Caution Is Needed
- Postbiotic effects on insulin sensitivity may vary depending on dose and individual factors. Some contexts promote, others may reduce sensitivity[Evidence: D][11].
- Quality varies significantly between products. No standardized testing methods exist[Evidence: D][15].
- Butyrate supplements have a strong unpleasant odor that affects compliance.
- Source 1 (PMID 39211880) is a preprint not yet published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Adults seeking gut health support, people taking antibiotics who want to maintain microbiome diversity, parents of children with eczema (under healthcare guidance), individuals with inflammatory bowel conditions (with medical supervision).
Not recommended for: Those expecting rapid weight loss results, individuals allergic to any components, people who prefer to avoid supplements (dietary sources are an alternative).
Realistic timeline: Studies showed effects between 14 days (microbiome changes[1]) and 12 weeks (inflammation and dermatitis improvements[2][3]). Expect 2-4 weeks minimum before assessing effects.
When to consult a professional: Before starting if you have inflammatory bowel disease, are immunocompromised, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or take prescription medications. Also consult if symptoms worsen or do not improve after 4-6 weeks of consistent use.
Frequently Asked Questions
Postbiotics vs probiotics: which is better?
Neither is universally better. The choice depends on your specific needs and health status. Postbiotics offer advantages in shelf stability and may be safer for immunocompromised individuals since they contain no live bacteria. Probiotics offer the benefit of ongoing production of beneficial compounds if they successfully colonize your gut. For gut health during antibiotics, postbiotics increased microbiome diversity by about 40%. Many people use both together for complementary benefits. Consult your healthcare provider to determine the best approach for your situation.
Do postbiotics help with bloating?
Studies suggest postbiotics may help with digestive symptoms, though limited specific evidence exists for bloating alone. In young adults with chronic diarrhea, postbiotics reduced defecation frequency and urgency. Postbiotics like butyrate support gut barrier integrity and reduce inflammation, which may indirectly help with bloating. Some users report initial increased gas during the first 1-2 weeks before symptoms improve. If bloating persists or worsens, consult your healthcare provider to rule out underlying conditions.
Can postbiotics cause side effects?
Postbiotics are generally well-tolerated. Research shows postbiotics in infant formula did not increase colic, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain compared to placebo. Some users experience temporary digestive adjustment during the first 1-2 weeks, including mild gas or loose stools. Starting with half the recommended dose and taking with food can minimize this adjustment period. Butyrate-specific supplements have a strong odor that some find unpleasant but does not indicate a safety concern.
Should I take postbiotics or probiotics first?
There is no required sequence. You can take postbiotics and probiotics together since they work through complementary mechanisms. Postbiotics deliver beneficial compounds directly, while probiotics must colonize the gut first. If you are trying one at a time to assess effects, either can be started first. Some experts suggest starting with postbiotics if you have concerns about introducing live bacteria, particularly if you are immunocompromised or taking antibiotics. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.
Do postbiotics help with weight loss?
Research shows short-chain fatty acids from postbiotics influence metabolic pathways related to blood sugar and insulin. Early research suggests postbiotics may help improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, postbiotic effects on weight may vary depending on dose and individual factors. Postbiotics should not be considered a weight loss supplement. They may support overall metabolic health as part of a comprehensive approach including diet and exercise.
Do postbiotics help with the immune system?
Yes, research supports immune benefits. Non-viable probiotics and postbiotics provide positive immune responses by activating gut receptors (GPR41/GPR43/GPR109A) and immune signaling pathways. In infants, postbiotics in formula increased protective antibodies (immunoglobulin A) in stool. Butyrate promotes differentiation of regulatory T cells, which help balance immune responses. The immune effects appear to work through multiple mechanisms including strengthening the gut barrier and modulating inflammation.
How can I get postbiotics naturally?
Your body produces postbiotics when gut bacteria ferment dietary fiber. Eat fiber-rich foods including whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits to increase natural postbiotic production. Fermented foods contain ready-made postbiotics: choose unpasteurized sauerkraut, kimchi, miso, tempeh, kefir, and yogurt with live cultures. Sourdough bread made with natural fermentation contains postbiotic compounds. Aim for 25-30g of fiber daily from diverse plant sources to support healthy postbiotic production in your gut.
What are postbiotics benefits for skin?
Research shows Lactobacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 postbiotic was most effective for reducing eczema (atopic dermatitis) symptoms in children. The anti-inflammatory properties of postbiotics may help with skin conditions linked to inflammation. Lower levels of short-chain fatty acids have been associated with inflammatory conditions. Both oral and topical postbiotic applications are being researched for skin health. Current evidence is strongest for pediatric eczema. Other skin benefits require additional research before firm conclusions can be made.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . A randomized controlled trial of postbiotic administration during antibiotic treatment increases microbiome diversity and enriches health associated taxa, medRxiv, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 2 . Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acid-Butyrate Supplementation on Disease Severity, Inflammation, and Psychological Factors in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis, Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 3 . Next-Gen biotherapeutics: A systematic review and network meta-analysis on postbiotics as treatment for pediatric atopic dermatitis, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 4 . Short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the incidence and risk-stratification of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Medicine, 2022, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 5 . Short-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrition Reviews, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 6 . Butyrate: More Than a Short Chain Fatty Acid, Current Nutrition Reports, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 7 . Postbiotics as a Therapeutic Tool in Depression: Exploring into Molecular Pathways and Neuroprotective Effects, Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 8 . Postbiotics: An alternative and innovative intervention for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease, Microbiological Research, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 9 . Effects of postbiotics on chronic diarrhea in young adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, Gut Microbes, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 10 . The potential of paraprobiotics and postbiotics to modulate the immune system: A Review, Microbiological Research, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 11 . Postbiotic Impact on Host Metabolism and Immunity Provides Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Disease, Endocrine Reviews, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 12 . Safety and efficacy of adding postbiotics in infant formula: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Pediatric Research, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 13 . Health Benefits and Side Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Foods, 2022, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 14 . Butyrate suppresses mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease primarily through HDAC3 inhibition in monocytes/macrophages, The FEBS Journal, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 15 . Postbiotics: a perspective on their quantification, Frontiers in Nutrition, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 16 . The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2021, PubMed [Evidence: D]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
If you have a medical emergency, call your doctor or emergency services immediately.
