💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR reliably elevate blood NAD+ levels in humans, though functional benefits remain under investigation[Evidence: A][1]
- NAD+ supplementation shows a limited acute toxicity profile across 10 randomized controlled trials with 489 participants[Evidence: A][6]
- NMN at 600 mg daily demonstrated optimal clinical benefits for physical performance in middle-aged adults over 60 days[Evidence: B][7]
- Age-related NAD+ depletion affects physiological functions, with gut microbiota playing a significant role in NAD+ metabolism[Evidence: A][2]
You've probably heard about NAD+ and its role in aging. Maybe you're wondering if those expensive NAD+ precursor supplements are worth your money. You're not alone—scientific interest in NAD+ has grown 133% since 2024, and for good reason.
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a critical coenzyme for mitochondrial health, and declining NAD+ levels are associated with cognitive decline, sarcopenia, and metabolic diseases[Evidence: D][8]. The challenge? Direct NAD+ supplementation has poor bioavailability. That's where NAD+ precursors come in—smaller molecules your body converts into NAD+ more efficiently.
This guide synthesizes findings from 14 clinical studies to give you an honest, science-based understanding of what NAD+ precursors can (and cannot) do for your health. We'll cover the different types, dosages that actually work, safety considerations, and whether they're right for you.
❓ Quick Answers
What are NAD+ precursors?
NAD+ precursors are smaller molecules that your body converts into NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a vital coenzyme required for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and healthy aging. The most researched precursors include nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR), niacin, nicotinamide (NAM), and tryptophan. NAD+ acts as a cofactor in many important biological processes[Evidence: A][3].
Is NMN or NR better for boosting NAD+?
Both NMN and NR effectively elevate blood NAD+ levels. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs confirmed NMN supplementation elevated blood NAD levels significantly[Evidence: A][1]. However, for cognitive outcomes specifically, only NR has demonstrated improvements in human clinical trials, particularly affecting biomarkers and cognitive function[Evidence: D][9].
How much NAD+ precursor should I take daily?
Clinical trials support NMN at 250-600 mg daily for most adults. Research shows 600 mg/day demonstrated optimal clinical benefits for middle-aged adults[Evidence: B][7], while 250 mg/day proved effective for older adults[Evidence: B][11]. For NR, doses up to 1,000 mg/day have been used in clinical trials[Evidence: B][12].
Are NAD+ precursors safe?
NAD+ precursors present a limited acute toxicity profile based on systematic review of 10 RCTs involving 489 participants[Evidence: A][6]. NMN doses up to 900 mg daily were well tolerated with no adverse effects detected in a 60-day study[Evidence: B][7]. However, long-term safety data beyond 12 weeks is not yet available.
What are the side effects of NAD+ precursors?
Common adverse effects reported in clinical trials include muscle pain, nervous system disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and headaches[Evidence: A][6]. These effects were generally mild. Potential long-term risks identified in preclinical research include toxic metabolite accumulation and theoretical tumorigenesis concerns, though human data on these risks remains limited[Evidence: D][10].
Do NAD+ precursors really work?
Yes and no. NAD+ precursors reliably increase blood NAD+ levels—this is well-established across multiple RCTs[Evidence: A][1]. However, whether this translates to functional health benefits is less clear. Research indicates efficacy of precursors is lower than expected from preclinical studies[Evidence: A][3]. Most clinically relevant outcomes were not significantly different between NMN and control groups[Evidence: A][1].
What foods are high in NAD+ precursors?
Foods containing NAD+ precursors include tryptophan-rich sources (turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, dairy) and niacin-rich foods (meat, fish, mushrooms, green vegetables, fortified cereals). However, food sources provide modest amounts compared to supplements. Studies examining oral supplementation focus on concentrated forms of NMN and NR rather than dietary sources[Evidence: C][5].
When should I take NAD+ precursors?
Morning is generally optimal for NAD+ precursor supplementation, aligning with circadian rhythm and NAD+ metabolism patterns. Clinical trials typically administered NMN with or without food, and both approaches proved effective. The 12-week study with older adults using 250 mg daily NMN showed benefits for walking speed and sleep quality when taken consistently[Evidence: B][11].
🔬 How Do NAD+ Precursors Work?
Think of NAD+ precursors as raw materials delivered to a factory. Your cells are the factory, and NAD+ is the essential fuel that keeps everything running. Just as a factory needs a steady supply of materials to produce goods, your cells need NAD+ precursors to manufacture the NAD+ required for hundreds of enzymatic reactions.
NAD+ is a critical coenzyme for mitochondrial health—your cellular powerhouses[Evidence: D][8]. It plays essential roles in:
- Energy metabolism: NAD+ shuttles electrons during cellular respiration, enabling ATP production
- Sirtuin activation: NAD+ activates sirtuins, proteins that regulate cellular stress responses and longevity pathways
- DNA repair: PARP enzymes require NAD+ to repair DNA damage
- Mitochondrial function: NAD+ supports mitophagy (removal of damaged mitochondria) and mitochondrial protein response[Evidence: D][8]
Here's the challenge: NAD+ declines with age in certain tissues, affecting physiological functions[Evidence: A][2]. This age-dependent reduction of cellular NAD+ contributes to metabolic dysfunction, cognitive decline, and reduced physical performance[Evidence: C][5].
Your body can make NAD+ through multiple pathways—like having several roads leading to the same destination. The salvage pathway recycles nicotinamide back into NAD+, while the de novo pathway builds NAD+ from tryptophan. Different precursors enter these pathways at different points:
- NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide): Converted directly to NAD+ by NMNAT enzymes
- NR (Nicotinamide Riboside): First converted to NMN, then to NAD+
- Niacin: Enters the Preiss-Handler pathway via NAMN
- Tryptophan: Uses the de novo pathway through quinolinic acid
Importantly, the gut microbiota plays a significant role in NAD+ metabolism[Evidence: A][2]. This adds complexity to understanding why precursor supplementation shows variable results—individual gut microbiome differences may affect how efficiently precursors are absorbed and converted to NAD+[Evidence: A][3].
📊 Dosage and How to Use NAD+ Precursors
Dosage recommendations for NAD+ precursors come from clinical trials, not marketing claims. Here's what the research actually supports:
| Precursor | Purpose/Population | Dosage | Duration | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NMN | Physical performance, metabolic health (middle-aged adults) | 600 mg daily | 60 days | [B][7] |
| NMN | Maximum tolerated dose / NAD+ elevation (middle-aged adults) | 900 mg daily | 60 days | [B][7] |
| NMN | Walking speed, sleep quality (older adults 60+) | 250 mg daily | 12 weeks | [B][11] |
| NMN | Arterial stiffness, NAD+ metabolism (middle-aged adults) | 250 mg daily | 12 weeks | [B][13] |
| NR | Cognitive function (older adults with MCI) | 1000 mg daily | 10 weeks | [B][12] |
| NMN (meta-analysis range) | Glucose and lipid metabolism (adults) | 250-900 mg daily | Variable | [A][1] |
Key Dosing Insights
Starting dose: 250 mg daily is a reasonable starting point for most adults, supported by multiple clinical trials[Evidence: B][11][13].
Optimal dose for younger adults: The dose-dependent clinical trial found 600 mg/day showed optimal clinical benefits for healthy middle-aged adults, with physical performance improvements measured by six-minute walking test[Evidence: B][7].
Maximum studied dose: NMN at 900 mg/day demonstrated safety with the highest blood NAD concentrations and no adverse effects[Evidence: B][7]. For NR, dose escalation to 1 g/day increased blood NAD+ levels 2.6-fold in older adults[Evidence: B][12].
Timing: Take in the morning with or without food. Clinical trials did not show significant differences based on food intake.
Duration: Most clinical trials lasted 8-12 weeks. Blood NAD+ levels typically elevate within the first few weeks, with functional benefits (when observed) appearing by 4-12 weeks[Evidence: B][11].
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Side Effects Reported in Clinical Trials
A systematic review of 10 RCTs with 489 participants examined NAD+ supplementation across chronic fatigue syndrome, aging, Parkinson's disease, overweight, prediabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. The review confirmed NAD supplementation shows a limited acute toxicity profile[Evidence: A][6].
Common adverse effects identified include:
- Muscle pain
- Nervous system disorders
- Fatigue
- Sleep disturbance
- Headaches[Evidence: A][6]
The dose-dependent NMN trial with 80 middle-aged adults found no adverse effects at doses up to 900 mg daily over 60 days[Evidence: B][7].
Potential Long-Term Risks (Theoretical)
A systematic review of 147 articles (113 preclinical, 34 clinical) identified theoretical long-term concerns[Evidence: D][10]:
- Toxic metabolite accumulation
- Theoretical tumorigenesis concerns
- Potential effects on cellular senescence
Evidence for these long-term risks in humans remains limited; long-term human trials are nascent[Evidence: D][10].
Who Should Exercise Caution
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women: Limited safety data available
- Individuals with active cancer or cancer history: Theoretical concerns about NAD+ and cell proliferation
- Those on blood pressure medications: NAD+ precursors may have cardiovascular effects
- Anyone taking multiple medications: Consult healthcare provider about potential interactions
Drug Interactions
Specific drug interaction data for NAD+ precursors remains limited. The systematic review noted NR may affect blood pressure regulation[Evidence: A][6]. If taking antihypertensive medications, monitor blood pressure when starting NAD+ precursor supplementation. Always inform your healthcare provider of all supplements you're taking.
🥗 Practical Ways to Use NAD+ Precursors
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
Scenario 1: General Health Maintenance (Middle-Aged Adults)
- Dose: 600 mg NMN daily[7]
- Duration: 60 days minimum for observable effects[7]
- Population: Healthy middle-aged adults
- Timing: Morning, with or without food
- What to track: Physical performance (walking endurance), energy levels
- Expected results: Physical performance improvements measured by six-minute walking test[7]
Scenario 2: Healthy Aging (Older Adults 60+)
- Dose: 250 mg NMN daily[11]
- Duration: 12 weeks[11]
- Population: Older adults (60+)
- Timing: Morning
- What to track: Walking speed (4-meter walk test), sleep quality
- Expected results: Significantly shorter 4-m walking time, improved sleep quality with lower daytime dysfunction scores[11]
Scenario 3: Vascular Health
- Dose: 250 mg NMN daily[13]
- Duration: 12 weeks[13]
- Population: Middle-aged adults
- What to track: Blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (if measured clinically)
- Expected results: Pulse wave velocity (arterial stiffness) tended to decrease[13]
Practical Integration Tips
Take your NAD+ precursor supplement in the morning to align with natural circadian NAD+ fluctuations. Store supplements in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain stability.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Expecting immediate results: Blood NAD+ elevation occurs within weeks, but functional benefits require 8-12 weeks of consistent use[11]
- Inconsistent dosing: Clinical trials used daily dosing—sporadic use may not achieve the observed benefits
- Exceeding studied doses without guidance: While 900 mg NMN was safe in one 60-day study[7], this doesn't establish safety for higher doses or longer durations
- Expecting metabolic miracles: Meta-analysis found NMN showed no significant benefit on fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, or lipid profile in the short term[14]
Lifestyle Factors That Support NAD+ Levels
Research indicates NAD+ repletion extends healthspan in preclinical models[Evidence: C][5]. Beyond supplementation, support your NAD+ levels through:
- Exercise: Physical activity naturally stimulates NAD+ production
- Caloric restriction or time-restricted eating: May enhance NAD+ metabolism
- Quality sleep: Circadian rhythm affects NAD+ levels
- Reducing excess alcohol: Alcohol metabolism depletes NAD+
⚖️ NMN vs NR: Which NAD+ Precursor Should You Choose?
The two most researched NAD+ precursors are nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR). Here's how they compare based on clinical evidence:
| Feature | NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) |
|---|---|---|
| Conversion to NAD+ | Direct conversion via NMNAT enzymes | First converts to NMN, then to NAD+ |
| NAD+ Elevation | Significant blood NAD+ increase confirmed[1] | 2.6-fold increase in blood NAD+[12] |
| Physical Performance | Improved (six-minute walking test)[7] | Limited data in human trials |
| Cognitive Outcomes | Only animal studies show promise[9] | Human trials show biomarker and cognitive changes[9] |
| Studied Doses | 250-900 mg daily[7] | Up to 1000 mg daily[12] |
| Study Duration | Up to 12 weeks[11] | Up to 10 weeks[12] |
| Safety Profile | No adverse effects at 900 mg/day[7] | Well tolerated in trials[12] |
Key Differences
For Physical Performance: NMN has more direct evidence. The dose-dependent study showed physical performance improved on the six-minute walking test, with biological age markers stable in NMN groups[Evidence: B][7].
For Cognitive Health: Animal studies show promise for both compounds, but only NR demonstrated improvements in human clinical trials, affecting biomarkers and cognitive function in humans[Evidence: D][9]. However, one RCT found cognition measures were not improved with NR supplementation in older adults with mild cognitive impairment[Evidence: B][12].
For Metabolic Health: Neither precursor showed significant benefits for glucose or lipid metabolism in short-term studies. Meta-analysis found NMN did not show significantly positive impacts on glucose control[Evidence: A][14].
Bottom Line
Both NMN and NR oral supplementation prove safe in humans[Evidence: A][3]. The choice between them may depend on your specific health goals, though the clinical evidence for either providing major functional benefits remains limited compared to what preclinical studies suggested.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- NAD+ precursors reliably elevate blood NAD+ levels in humans—this is consistently demonstrated across multiple RCTs including a meta-analysis of 12 RCTs with 513 participants[Evidence: A][1]
- NMN at 600 mg daily for 60 days improved physical performance (six-minute walking test) in healthy middle-aged adults (n=80)[Evidence: B][7]
- NMN at 250 mg daily for 12 weeks resulted in significantly shorter 4-m walking time and improved sleep quality in older adults (n=60)[Evidence: B][11]
- NR at 1000 mg daily for 10 weeks increased blood NAD+ 2.6-fold in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (n=20)[Evidence: B][12]
- NAD+ supplementation shows limited acute toxicity profile across 10 RCTs with 489 participants[Evidence: A][6]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Long-term safety: No human trials extend beyond 12 weeks—safety of chronic supplementation is unknown
- Metabolic benefits: Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found no significant benefit on fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, insulin resistance, or lipid profile[Evidence: A][14]
- Cognitive improvements: Despite increased blood NAD+, cognition measures were not improved in the MCI trial[Evidence: B][12]
- Tissue-specific NAD+ elevation: Published data on NAD+ dynamics in human tissues remains sparse—blood levels may not reflect tissue concentrations[Evidence: C][4]
- Optimal dosing by specific population: Pediatric data absent; dosing for specific disease states not established
Where Caution Is Needed
- Evidence of exaggeration of NMN benefits in popular discourse—meta-analysis specifically noted most clinically relevant outcomes were not significantly different between NMN and control[Evidence: A][1]
- Efficacy of precursors is lower than expected from preclinical studies[Evidence: A][3]
- Theoretical long-term risks identified: toxic metabolite accumulation, tumorigenesis, cellular senescence effects[Evidence: D][10]
- Need for improved delivery methods and better understanding of gut microbiota interactions[Evidence: A][3]
- Individual variation due to gut microbiome differences may affect precursor metabolism[Evidence: A][2]
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Adults interested in supporting physical performance and energy levels who understand the current evidence limitations. Older adults (60+) may see benefits in walking speed and sleep quality at 250 mg NMN daily[Evidence: B][11].
Not recommended for: Those expecting metabolic miracles (glucose/lipid improvements not supported by meta-analysis[14]), pregnant or breastfeeding women (limited safety data), individuals with cancer history (theoretical concerns[10]), or anyone seeking to replace medications with supplements.
Realistic timeline: Blood NAD+ elevation within 2-4 weeks; functional benefits (when observed) typically by 8-12 weeks of consistent use[Evidence: B][11].
When to consult a professional: Before starting if you take any medications (especially blood pressure or diabetes drugs), have underlying health conditions, or are considering doses above those studied in clinical trials.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between NAD+ and NAD+ precursors?
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the active coenzyme your cells use directly for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuin activation. NAD+ precursors are smaller molecules—like NMN, NR, niacin, and tryptophan—that your body converts INTO NAD+ through various metabolic pathways. The reason we take precursors rather than NAD+ directly is bioavailability: NAD+ itself is a large molecule that cells cannot easily absorb orally. Precursors like NMN and NR are more effectively absorbed and then converted to NAD+ inside cells. This indirect approach has been shown to effectively elevate blood NAD+ levels in human trials.
Which NAD+ precursor is best?
There is no single "best" NAD+ precursor—it depends on your goals and the available evidence. NMN has stronger evidence for physical performance improvements, with a dose-dependent RCT showing benefits at 600 mg/day. NR has demonstrated effects on cognitive biomarkers in human studies. Both effectively raise NAD+ levels. Traditional niacin is the most affordable option but can cause flushing. For most users, NMN or NR are reasonable choices given current safety and efficacy data.
How long does it take for NAD+ precursors to work?
Blood NAD+ elevation typically occurs within the first 2-4 weeks of supplementation. In the 12-week study with older adults taking 250 mg NMN daily, blood NAD+ levels were elevated after 12 weeks, with functional improvements in walking speed and sleep quality observed over that period. For physical performance benefits, the 60-day NMN trial showed improvements in six-minute walking tests. Expect 8-12 weeks of consistent use before assessing whether supplementation is working for you.
Can NAD+ precursors reverse aging?
NAD+ precursors may slow certain aspects of aging but cannot "reverse" it. Preclinical studies showed NAD+ repletion extends healthspan and lifespan in animal models. However, human evidence is more limited. One RCT found biological age markers remained stable in NMN groups versus placebo, and another showed DNA methylation showed modest age-related improvements. The research shows promising potential for treating aging and neurodegenerative diseases, but clinical effectiveness remains limited compared to preclinical findings.
Should I take NMN and NR together?
Current clinical evidence does not support taking NMN and NR together, as no studies have directly examined this combination. Both precursors ultimately convert to NAD+ through overlapping pathways, so combining them may not provide additive benefits. Some combination products pair NR with pterostilbene (NRPT) rather than NMN. Since we lack safety and efficacy data for NMN+NR combinations specifically, it's more prudent to choose one precursor based on your health goals and the available evidence rather than combining them without research support.
Do NAD+ precursors help with energy?
NAD+ is critical for mitochondrial function and cellular energy production. Clinical trials report improvements in physical performance markers. The NMN dose-dependent study found physical performance improved on the six-minute walking test. Older adults taking 250 mg NMN daily showed significantly shorter 4-m walking time. However, subjective energy improvements are harder to quantify. Common adverse effects reported include fatigue, suggesting responses vary between individuals.
Are NAD+ supplements worth it?
This depends on your expectations and budget. NAD+ precursors reliably elevate blood NAD+ levels—this is well-established. However, most clinically relevant outcomes were not significantly different between NMN and control groups in meta-analysis. For metabolic outcomes specifically, short-term NMN did not show significantly positive impacts on glucose control. Consider lifestyle factors first (exercise, sleep, diet) which also support NAD+ levels without ongoing cost.
Can NAD+ precursors help with brain health?
Research shows promising but mixed results. A systematic review found only NR demonstrated improvements in human clinical trials for cognitive outcomes, affecting biomarkers and cognitive function. However, a specific RCT in older adults with mild cognitive impairment found cognition measures were not improved with NR supplementation, despite a 2.6-fold increase in blood NAD+. Declining NAD+ is associated with cognitive decline, but whether supplementation prevents this requires more research.
Do NAD+ precursors interact with medications?
Specific drug interaction data for NAD+ precursors remains limited. The systematic review noted potential cardiovascular effects. One study found pulse wave velocity (a marker of arterial stiffness) tended to decrease with NMN, suggesting possible interactions with blood pressure medications. If you take antihypertensives, diabetes medications, or other prescriptions, inform your healthcare provider before starting NAD+ precursor supplementation. Monitor for any changes in medication effectiveness.
Are there natural ways to boost NAD+ without supplements?
Yes. Foods containing NAD+ precursors include tryptophan-rich sources (poultry, fish, dairy, eggs) and niacin-rich foods (meat, fish, mushrooms, fortified cereals). Exercise naturally stimulates NAD+ production and sirtuin activity. Caloric restriction and time-restricted eating may enhance NAD+ metabolism. Quality sleep supports circadian NAD+ fluctuations. Avoiding excess alcohol helps preserve NAD+ levels, as alcohol metabolism depletes NAD+. These lifestyle approaches support NAD+ without the cost or unknowns of long-term supplementation.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . Efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 2 . The therapeutic perspective of NAD+ precursors in age-related diseases, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 3 . NAD+ Precursors in Human Health and Disease: Current Status and Future Prospects, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 4 . NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges, Nature Metabolism, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 5 . Preclinical and clinical evidence of NAD+ precursors in health, disease, and ageing, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2021, PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 6 . Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions: a systematic review, American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 7 . The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial, Geroscience, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 8 . The role of NAD+ metabolism and its modulation of mitochondria in aging and disease, NPJ Metabolic Health and Disease, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 9 . Supplementation with NAD+ Precursors for Treating Alzheimer's Disease: A Metabolic Approach, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 10 . NAD+ therapy in age-related degenerative disorders: A benefit/risk analysis, Experimental Gerontology, 2020, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 11 . Ingestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults, Geroscience, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 12 . A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, Geroscience, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 13 . Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation, Scientific Reports, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 14 . Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials, Current Diabetes Reports, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
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