💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- CD38 inhibition extends lifespan: Compound 78c delivered a 10% median lifespan increase in naturally aged mice with enhanced exercise performance and metabolic function.[Evidence: B][5]
- NAD+ preservation is key: Blocking CD38 enzyme activity reverses age-related NAD+ decline, improving glucose tolerance, muscle function, and cardiac function.[Evidence: B][3]
- Natural options exist: Apigenin, found in parsley and chamomile, reduces neuroinflammation by preserving NAD+ levels and suppressing inflammatory cytokines.[Evidence: B][4]
- Pharmaceutical CD38 inhibitors show clinical efficacy: Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (5,270 patients) found anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies significantly improved treatment outcomes (MRD negativity RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.59-2.37).[Evidence: A][1]
If you've been researching ways to boost your NAD+ levels and support healthy aging, you may have come across CD38 inhibitors. It's common to feel overwhelmed by the scientific complexity of this topic—after all, it involves cellular enzymes, molecular pathways, and emerging longevity research that most people never learned about in school.
Here's what matters: CD38 is an enzyme that breaks down NAD+, a molecule essential for cellular energy and longevity. As we age, CD38 activity increases dramatically, depleting our NAD+ reserves. CD38 inhibitors—both natural compounds like apigenin and pharmaceutical drugs—can help preserve these crucial energy molecules.
In this comprehensive guide backed by 16 peer-reviewed studies, you'll discover how CD38 inhibitors work, which natural options are available, what the research shows about their benefits, and important safety considerations. Whether you're interested in longevity optimization or simply want to understand this emerging field, this guide provides the evidence-based information you need to make informed decisions.
❓ Quick Answers
What are CD38 inhibitors and how do they work?
CD38 inhibitors are compounds that block the CD38 enzyme, which breaks down NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)—a molecule essential for cellular energy and longevity. By inhibiting CD38, these compounds help preserve NAD+ levels, which naturally decline with age. CD38 inhibitors include natural flavonoids like apigenin and quercetin, as well as pharmaceutical antibodies like daratumumab used in cancer treatment.[Evidence: B][3]
What are natural CD38 inhibitors?
Natural CD38 inhibitors include flavonoid compounds found in common foods and herbs. Apigenin, abundant in parsley and chamomile tea, has demonstrated CD38 inhibition and reduced neuroinflammation by preserving NAD+ levels in research studies.[Evidence: B][4] Luteolinidin, found in sorghum and certain berries, protects cardiac tissue through CD38 inhibition with preservation of NAD(P)(H).[Evidence: B][2] Other natural sources include quercetin in onions and apples.
How do CD38 inhibitors increase NAD+ levels?
CD38 inhibitors work by blocking the ecto-enzymatic activity of CD38, which normally degrades NAD+ and its precursor NMN. Research shows that senescence-induced inflammation promotes CD38 accumulation in immune cells, and this ecto-enzymatic activity decreases NMN and NAD+ levels.[Evidence: B][10] By blocking CD38, inhibitors preserve NAD+ that would otherwise be broken down, allowing higher cellular concentrations to accumulate.
Are CD38 inhibitors safe?
Natural CD38 inhibitors like apigenin and luteolinidin appear to have favorable safety profiles in research studies, reducing inflammation without major adverse effects reported.[Evidence: B][4] Pharmaceutical CD38 antibodies (daratumumab, isatuximab) used in cancer treatment have known side effects including neutropenia and infusion reactions.[Evidence: A][7] Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplement.
Can CD38 inhibitors extend lifespan?
In animal studies, the CD38 inhibitor compound 78c delivered a 10% median lifespan increase in naturally aged mice, along with enhanced exercise performance, endurance, and metabolic function.[Evidence: B][5] Human longevity studies have not been completed. Current evidence suggests CD38 inhibition supports healthspan markers, but direct human lifespan extension remains unproven.
What foods contain CD38 inhibitors?
Foods containing natural CD38 inhibitors include parsley and chamomile (apigenin), onions and apples (quercetin), sorghum and dark berries (luteolinidin and related anthocyanidins). These flavonoid compounds have demonstrated CD38 inhibition in laboratory and animal studies.[Evidence: B][2][4] Consuming a variety of colorful fruits, vegetables, and herbs provides multiple flavonoids with potential CD38-inhibiting properties.
🔬 How Do CD38 Inhibitors Work?
The NAD+ Depletion Problem
Think of CD38 as a drain in your cellular energy bathtub. Every time this enzyme is active, it drains NAD+—the essential fuel your cells need to function. As we age, CD38 activity increases dramatically, and this drain gets larger and larger. CD38 inhibitors act like a stopper for this drain, helping to preserve your cellular energy reserves.
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is critical for hundreds of cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and activation of longevity-promoting sirtuins and AMPK pathways. Research demonstrates that compound 78c reverses age-related NAD+ decline and activates these beneficial sirtuins/AMPK pathways.[Evidence: B][3]
The Senescent Cell Connection
Imagine senescent cells as factories pumping out inflammatory signals that reprogram your immune cells to become NAD+-destroying machines. This is precisely what research has uncovered: M1-like macrophages express high CD38 with enhanced NADase activity, and SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) factors induce CD38 expression, creating a causal link among macrophages, senescence, and NAD+ decline.[Evidence: B][9]
This creates a vicious cycle. As we age:
- Senescent cells accumulate and secrete inflammatory SASP factors
- SASP induces CD38 expression in immune cells (particularly macrophages)
- Elevated CD38 activity depletes NAD+ and NMN from tissues
- Low NAD+ impairs cellular function and promotes further senescence
Research confirms that senescence-induced inflammation promotes CD38 accumulation in immune cells, and this ecto-enzymatic activity decreases NMN and NAD+ levels. Critically, blocking CD38 increases NAD+.[Evidence: B][10]
Tissue-Specific Effects
CD38 activity and its consequences vary across tissues. Ovaries show earlier CD38 elevation and NAD+ decline compared to other tissues. Research demonstrates that CD38 deletion preserves fertility, and pharmacological CD38 inhibition enhanced fertility in middle-aged mice, with human studies showing correlation.[Evidence: B][11]
In the brain, CD38 inhibition via apigenin reduced neuroinflammation by preserving NAD+ levels, suppressing cytokines, glial activation, and neurodegeneration.[Evidence: B][4] In the heart, luteolinidin CD38 inhibition prevents NAD(P)(H) depletion in cardiac tissue, preserving eNOS function with dose-dependent improvements in vascular function recovery and reduced myocardial infarct size.[Evidence: B][2]
Inflammaging and CD38
The connection between chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and CD38 is well-documented. A comprehensive review examining mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and CD38-NAD+ depletion in inflammaging found that metabolic-epigenetic changes in macrophages promote age-related diseases.[Evidence: D][13]
Novel therapeutic approaches are emerging. A CD38-targeting peptide vaccine induces T-cell response, depletes CD38+ myeloid cells, and ameliorates physical/cognitive decline while improving glucose tolerance and increasing NAD+/NADH ratio.[Evidence: B][12]
📊 Dosage and How to Use
Research Dosages (Animal Studies)
Important: No standardized human dosages have been established for CD38 inhibitors for longevity purposes. The following table summarizes dosages used in research studies, which were primarily conducted in animal models.
| Compound | Research Context | Model | Outcomes | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound 78c | Aging/lifespan extension | Naturally aged mice (dietary administration) | 10% median lifespan increase, enhanced exercise performance[5] | [B] |
| Compound 78c | Metabolic dysfunction | Aged mice | Improved glucose tolerance, muscle function, cardiac function[3] | [B] |
| Apigenin | Neuroinflammation | LPS-induced mouse model | Reduced brain inflammation, preserved NAD+ levels[4] | [B] |
| Luteolinidin | Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion | Animal cardiac model (liposomal delivery) | NAD(P)(H) preservation, reduced infarct size[2] | [B] |
| CD38-targeting vaccine | Aging phenotypes | Mouse model | Improved glucose tolerance, increased NAD+/NADH ratio[12] | [B] |
Why Human Dosage Is Unclear
Current research does not establish specific therapeutic doses for CD38 inhibitors in humans for longevity purposes. The studies reviewed used varying amounts in animal models, but optimal human dosage has not been determined through controlled clinical trials. Compound 78c remains an investigational research compound with no FDA approval or established human dosing protocol.
General Guidance for Natural CD38 Inhibitors
For food sources: Consuming parsley, chamomile tea, onions, apples, and dark berries regularly provides flavonoids with CD38-inhibiting potential. No specific serving size has been validated for therapeutic effect.
For supplements: Follow product label instructions or consult a healthcare provider. Apigenin and quercetin supplements are available, but their optimal dosage for CD38 inhibition specifically has not been established in human trials.
Timing: Flavonoid supplements are typically better absorbed with meals containing some fat. Consistency matters more than specific timing for long-term effects.
What to expect: NAD+ levels may rise within days of consistent supplementation, but metabolic and functional improvements observed in animal studies took weeks to months to manifest. Results in humans remain unquantified.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Natural CD38 Inhibitors: Safety Profile
Natural flavonoid CD38 inhibitors (apigenin, quercetin, luteolinidin) have been consumed in foods for centuries. In research studies, apigenin demonstrated neuroprotective effects without major adverse events reported, reducing neuroinflammation while preserving NAD+ levels.[Evidence: B][4] Luteolinidin showed dose-dependent cardioprotective effects in animal models.[Evidence: B][2]
Reported considerations for natural flavonoids include:
- Potential interactions with medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes
- Possible mild gastrointestinal effects at high supplemental doses
- Limited long-term safety data at concentrated supplemental doses
Pharmaceutical CD38 Antibodies: Known Side Effects
Pharmaceutical CD38 inhibitors (daratumumab, isatuximab) are FDA-approved for multiple myeloma treatment, NOT for longevity purposes. Their safety profiles are well-documented from clinical trials:
Comprehensive safety evaluation of isatuximab in 1,258 patients found Grade 3+ neutropenia RR 2.13, with common adverse events including neutropenia, pneumonia, and infusion reactions, though the overall safety profile was considered manageable.[Evidence: A][7]
Meta-analysis of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies showed elevated infection risk and second primary malignancy RR 1.44.[Evidence: A][8] Additional meta-analyses confirmed increased neutropenia and thrombocytopenia risk.[Evidence: A][16]
Who Should NOT Take CD38 Inhibitors
Drug Interactions
Drug interaction data for natural CD38 inhibitors is limited. General considerations include:
- Anticoagulants: Flavonoids may enhance effects of blood thinners—monitor if combining
- Immunosuppressants: Theoretical interaction due to CD38's role in immune function
- Diabetes medications: CD38 inhibition may have additive glucose-lowering effects[3]
- Chemotherapy: May interact with CD38-targeted cancer treatments
Inform your healthcare provider of all medications and supplements before using CD38 inhibitors.
🥗 Practical Ways to Use CD38 Inhibitors
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
General usage: Follow product label instructions for supplements, or incorporate CD38-inhibiting foods into your regular diet. No specific therapeutic protocol has been established for humans.
Food-First Approach
The safest and most accessible way to benefit from CD38 inhibitors is through food sources:
- Parsley: One of the richest sources of apigenin. Add fresh parsley to salads, smoothies, and dishes daily.
- Chamomile tea: Contains apigenin. 1-2 cups daily provides flavonoid exposure.
- Onions and apples: Rich in quercetin. Include regularly in your diet.
- Dark berries: Contain anthocyanidins with CD38-inhibiting potential.
Supplement Considerations
For those considering supplements, research context shows that compound 78c reversed age-related NAD+ decline with improved glucose tolerance, muscle function, exercise capacity, and cardiac function in animal models.[Evidence: B][3] However, compound 78c is not commercially available—it remains a research tool.
Available supplements (apigenin, quercetin) may provide CD38 inhibition, but specific efficacy for this purpose in humans is unconfirmed.
Combination Strategies
Research shows CD38 inhibition via apigenin combined with nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation ameliorated neuroinflammation by increasing NAD+.[Evidence: B][4] This suggests combining CD38 inhibitors with NAD+ precursors may provide synergistic benefits, though human studies are needed.
What to Track
Based on outcomes observed in research studies, consider monitoring:
- Exercise performance: Enhanced exercise performance and endurance noted with CD38 inhibition[5]
- Glucose tolerance: CD38-targeting improved glucose tolerance and increased NAD+/NADH ratio[12]
- Subjective energy: NAD+ supports cellular energy production
- Cognitive function: CD38-targeting ameliorated physical and cognitive decline in animal studies[12]
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Expecting immediate results: Animal studies showed benefits over weeks to months. The 10% lifespan increase in mice was observed over the animals' remaining lifetime.[5]
- Inconsistent use: Studies used consistent daily administration—sporadic use may not achieve benefits.
- Ignoring food sources: Dietary flavonoids have centuries of safe consumption history; supplements are less tested.
- Skipping medical consultation: Especially important if taking medications or managing health conditions.
⚖️ CD38 Inhibitors vs NAD+ Boosters
Two Approaches to the Same Problem
NAD+ decline during aging can be addressed in two ways: (1) Refilling the pool with NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR, or (2) Stopping the drain by inhibiting CD38. These approaches work through complementary mechanisms and may be combined.
| Feature | CD38 Inhibitors | NAD+ Boosters (NMN/NR) |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Block NAD+ breakdown | Provide NAD+ precursors |
| Analogy | Plugging the drain | Refilling the bathtub |
| Human Clinical Data | Limited (natural compounds); extensive (pharmaceutical for cancer)[1][6] | Moderate (short-term safety established) |
| Animal Longevity Data | 10% lifespan increase (78c in mice)[5] | Variable results depending on model |
| Natural Options | Apigenin, quercetin, luteolinidin | Dietary niacin (limited conversion) |
| Addresses Root Cause | Yes—targets age-related CD38 accumulation | Partial—doesn't stop ongoing NAD+ destruction |
| Cost (supplements) | Lower ($15-40/month) | Higher ($40-100/month) |
Pharmaceutical CD38 Antibodies: Clinical Efficacy
For context, pharmaceutical CD38 inhibitors have robust clinical evidence in cancer treatment. Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (5,270 patients) found anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies significantly improved MRD negativity (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.59-2.37, p<0.00001).[Evidence: A][1]
Meta-analysis of 6 studies (2,191 patients) showed PFS HR 0.52, OS HR 0.72, demonstrating significant progression-free and overall survival benefits.[Evidence: A][6] Additional meta-analyses consistently report improved ORR and CR with daratumumab, with 5 out of 8 meta-analyses reporting PFS benefits.[Evidence: A][14][15]
Should You Combine Them?
Research suggests potential synergy. CD38 inhibition combined with nicotinamide riboside supplementation ameliorated neuroinflammation by increasing NAD+.[Evidence: B][4] Theoretically, blocking NAD+ destruction while providing precursors could maximize NAD+ elevation. Human studies validating this combination approach are needed.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Lifespan extension in mice: Compound 78c delivered 10% median lifespan increase in naturally aged mice with enhanced exercise performance, endurance, and metabolic function (n=1 study, naturally aged mouse model).[Evidence: B][5]
- Metabolic improvements: CD38 inhibition reverses age-related NAD+ decline with improved glucose tolerance, muscle function, exercise capacity, and cardiac function, activating sirtuins/AMPK pathways.[Evidence: B][3]
- Neuroprotection: Apigenin reduces brain neuroinflammation by preserving NAD+ levels, suppressing cytokines, glial activation, and neurodegeneration.[Evidence: B][4]
- Cardioprotection: Luteolinidin prevents NAD(P)(H) depletion in cardiac tissue with dose-dependent vascular function improvements and reduced infarct size.[Evidence: B][2]
- Pharmaceutical efficacy (cancer): Meta-analyses of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in multiple myeloma show consistent benefits—PFS HR 0.44-0.52, OS HR 0.63-0.72 across 15,000+ patients in multiple analyses.[Evidence: A][1][6][8][14]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Human longevity effects: No controlled human trials have demonstrated lifespan or healthspan extension from CD38 inhibitors. All longevity data is from mouse studies.
- Optimal human dosages: Studies used varying amounts in animal models—therapeutic thresholds for humans have not been determined.
- Long-term safety of supplementation: Natural flavonoids are safe in food amounts, but concentrated supplemental doses lack long-term human safety data.
- Efficacy in specific populations: Children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals have not been studied.
- Bioavailability of natural compounds: How well apigenin, quercetin, and luteolinidin are absorbed and reach target tissues in humans is not fully characterized.
Where Caution Is Needed
- Immune function trade-offs: CD38 plays roles in normal immune function—blocking it may have unintended effects on immune response.
- Cancer treatment context: Pharmaceutical CD38 antibodies show increased infection risk and second primary malignancy RR 1.44.[Evidence: A][8] These are cancer treatments, not longevity supplements.
- Drug interactions: Limited data exists for natural CD38 inhibitors interacting with medications.
- Sex-based variations: Research noted sex-based variations in response to 78c[5]—effects may differ between men and women.
- Quality variation: Supplement quality varies significantly—no standardization exists for CD38 inhibition potency.
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Adults interested in longevity optimization who are comfortable with emerging research, have no contraindications, and understand the limitations of current evidence. Food-based approaches (parsley, chamomile, onions) are lowest risk.
Not recommended for: Pregnant or breastfeeding women, immunocompromised individuals, cancer patients on active treatment (consult oncologist), those with bleeding disorders, anyone unable to monitor for adverse effects.
Realistic timeline: Animal studies showed metabolic improvements over weeks to months. No human timeline data exists. Expect subtle, gradual effects rather than dramatic changes.
When to consult a professional: Before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications, have health conditions, or are managing chronic disease. If you experience adverse effects, discontinue and seek medical advice.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best CD38 inhibitor supplement?
No single 'best' CD38 inhibitor supplement has been established through human clinical trials. Apigenin is the most studied natural CD38 inhibitor, demonstrating reduced brain neuroinflammation by preserving NAD+ levels in animal research. Quercetin is another option with CD38-inhibiting properties. The research compound 78c showed the most impressive results (10% lifespan extension in mice), but it's not commercially available as a supplement. When choosing supplements, look for products with third-party testing and follow label dosing until human trials establish optimal amounts.
How does CD38 cause aging?
CD38 contributes to aging through a documented cascade: as we age, senescent cells accumulate and release inflammatory SASP factors. Research shows that SASP induces CD38 expression in macrophages, creating M1-like macrophages with enhanced NADase (NAD+-destroying) activity. This elevated CD38 ecto-enzymatic activity decreases both NMN and NAD+ levels in tissues. Low NAD+ impairs mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and sirtuin activity—all hallmarks of aging. A comprehensive review confirms this CD38-senescence-NAD+ depletion axis as a driver of inflammaging and age-related disease.
What is the dosage for CD38 inhibitor supplements?
Optimal human dosages for CD38 inhibitors have not been established in controlled clinical trials. Research studies used varying amounts in animal models, but these do not directly translate to human dosing. For naturally-derived supplements like apigenin and quercetin, follow manufacturer recommendations and consult a healthcare provider. The research compound 78c, which showed the most promising results, was administered via diet in mice but has no established human protocol. Until human trials determine therapeutic thresholds, specific dosage recommendations would be speculative.
Do CD38 inhibitors have side effects?
Natural CD38 inhibitors (apigenin, quercetin) consumed in food amounts have long safety histories. In research, apigenin reduced neuroinflammation without reported major adverse effects. At high supplemental doses, flavonoids may cause mild gastrointestinal effects and potential drug interactions. Pharmaceutical CD38 antibodies have documented side effects: comprehensive safety evaluation found Grade 3+ neutropenia (RR 2.13), pneumonia, and infusion reactions as common adverse events, though the safety profile was considered manageable for cancer treatment. These pharmaceutical agents are not indicated for longevity—they're cancer treatments with different risk-benefit calculations.
What is the connection between CD38 and inflammation?
CD38 and inflammation are bidirectionally linked in a process called 'inflammaging.' Chronic low-grade inflammation increases CD38 expression, and elevated CD38 depletes NAD+, which further promotes inflammation. Research demonstrates that senescence-induced inflammation promotes CD38 accumulation in immune cells, particularly macrophages, which then express high CD38 with enhanced NADase activity. A review examining this axis found that mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and CD38-NAD+ depletion work together in inflammaging, with metabolic-epigenetic changes in macrophages promoting age-related diseases. Breaking this cycle through CD38 inhibition may interrupt inflammatory aging processes.
Can you take CD38 inhibitors with NAD+ supplements?
Research supports potential synergy. One study showed that CD38 inhibition via apigenin combined with nicotinamide riboside (NR) ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation by increasing NAD+. The rationale is straightforward: NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR) refill NAD+ stores while CD38 inhibitors prevent destruction—addressing both supply and demand. Blocking CD38 increases NAD+ on its own, and combining with precursors may enhance this effect. Human studies validating combination protocols are needed. If considering this approach, start conservatively and monitor response.
What is CD38 enzyme and why does it matter?
CD38 is an ecto-enzyme (meaning it works on the outside of cells) that catalyzes the breakdown of NAD+ and its precursor NMN. While CD38 has normal functions in calcium signaling and immune regulation, its activity increases dramatically with age. Research shows that this age-related CD38 accumulation is a major driver of NAD+ decline—the ecto-enzymatic activity decreases NMN and NAD+ levels throughout the body. Since NAD+ is essential for cellular energy, DNA repair, and longevity pathways (sirtuins, AMPK), CD38's NAD+-depleting activity is considered a key mechanism of metabolic aging. Studies show that blocking CD38 reverses age-related NAD+ decline and improves metabolic function.
How long does it take to see results from CD38 inhibitors?
Timeline varies and has not been established in human studies. In animal research, compound 78c improved glucose tolerance, muscle function, exercise capacity, and cardiac function over the study period, and the 10% lifespan increase was observed over the remaining lifetime of naturally aged mice. Mechanistically, blocking CD38 increases NAD+ levels, which could occur within days, but downstream benefits (improved mitochondrial function, activated longevity pathways) likely require weeks to months. Since CD38 inhibition addresses chronic NAD+ depletion, consistent long-term use is likely more important than short-term supplementation.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . Efficacy and safety of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies-based therapy versus standard therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Osama M et al., Therapeutic Advances in Hematology, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 2 . Luteolinidin Protects the Postischemic Heart through CD38 Inhibition with Preservation of NAD(P)(H), Boslett J et al., Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2017, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 3 . A Potent and Specific CD38 Inhibitor Ameliorates Age-Related Metabolic Dysfunction by Reversing Tissue NAD+ Decline, Tarragó MG et al., Cell Metabolism, 2018, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 4 . Inhibition of CD38 and supplementation of nicotinamide riboside ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial and astrocytic neuroinflammation by increasing NAD, Roboon J et al., Journal of Neurochemistry, 2021, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 5 . CD38 inhibitor 78c increases mice lifespan and healthspan in a model of chronological aging, Peclat TR et al., Aging Cell, 2022, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 6 . Efficacy and Safety of Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials, de Moraes FCA et al., Journal of Personalized Medicine, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 7 . Comprehensive safety evaluation of isatuximab in multiple myeloma using disproportionality analysis of FAERS and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Karimbanathottathil MF et al., Scientific Reports, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 8 . Efficacy and safety of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials, Lin Z et al., Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 9 . Senescent cells promote tissue NAD+ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38+ macrophages, Covarrubias AJ et al., Nature Metabolism, 2020, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 10 . CD38 ecto-enzyme in immune cells is induced during aging and regulates NAD+ and NMN levels, Chini CCS et al., Nature Metabolism, 2020, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 11 . NADase CD38 is a key determinant of ovarian aging, Yang Q et al., Nature Aging, 2024, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 12 . CD38-Targeting Peptide Vaccine Ameliorates Aging-Associated Phenotypes in Mice, Yu S et al., Aging Cell, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 13 . Macrophage Immunometabolism and Inflammaging: Roles of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cellular Senescence, CD38, and NAD, Yarbro JR et al., Immunometabolism, 2020, PubMed [Evidence: D]
- 14 . Efficacy and safety of daratumumab in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Huang ZY et al., Medicine (Baltimore), 2023, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 15 . Efficacy and safety of daratumumab for the treatment of refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma. A systematic review of meta-analyses, Moustafa DA et al., Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 2025, PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 16 . Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of daratumumab in the treatment of multiple myeloma, Wang P, Jin SY, World Journal of Clinical Cases, 2023, PubMed [Evidence: A]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
If you have a medical emergency, call your doctor or emergency services immediately.
