Piperlongumine is an amide alkaloid compound extracted from Piper longum (long pepper) that has gained significant research attention for its senolytic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. This natural compound selectively targets damaged and aging cells while leaving healthy cells largely unaffected, making it a promising candidate for longevity and cancer research.
💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- Senolytic activity: Piperlongumine is the first natural compound identified to preferentially kill senescent (aging) cells, potentially supporting healthy aging[Evidence: B][4]
- Selective anticancer effects: Multiple studies confirm selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing normal cells, with documented activity across multiple cancer types[Evidence: A][5]
- Neuroprotection: Research demonstrates dopaminergic neuron protection and motor function improvement in Parkinson disease models[Evidence: C][10]
- Comprehensive review: A 26-study review (2012-2023) documents piperlongumine derivatives with enhanced anticancer activity and improved bioavailability through nanoformulation[Evidence: D][1]
If you are exploring natural compounds for longevity, cancer prevention, or cellular health, piperlongumine deserves your attention. This alkaloid from the traditional Ayurvedic herb long pepper has emerged as one of the most studied natural senolytic agents.
It is common to feel overwhelmed when researching emerging compounds like piperlongumine. The scientific literature is dense, and separating evidence-based benefits from speculation requires careful analysis. This guide synthesizes 14 peer-reviewed studies to provide clear, actionable information.
In this article, you will learn exactly how piperlongumine works at the cellular level, what the research shows about its benefits, current dosage information from preclinical studies, safety considerations, and how it compares to related compounds like piperine. Most importantly, you will understand what the evidence supports and what remains unproven.
❓ Quick Answers
What is piperlongumine?
Piperlongumine (also called piplartine) is an amide alkaloid naturally found in Piper longum, the long pepper plant used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It belongs to a class of bioactive compounds with documented anticancer, senolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The compound has a molecular formula of C17H19NO5 and features trimethylphenyl and 5,6-dihydropyridin-2-(1H)-one structural cores essential for its biological activity[Evidence: D][1].
How does piperlongumine work?
Piperlongumine works primarily by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and modulating key signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB. Cancer cells and senescent cells, which already have elevated baseline ROS, cannot tolerate this additional oxidative stress and undergo apoptosis. Normal healthy cells with robust antioxidant defenses remain largely unaffected[Evidence: D][2][3].
What foods contain piperlongumine?
Piperlongumine is found naturally in Piper longum (Indian long pepper) and related Piper species used in traditional medicine systems. Long pepper has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years and contains multiple alkaloids including piperlongumine, piperine, and piperlonguminine. The compound concentration varies by plant part and growing conditions[Evidence: D][7].
What are the benefits of piperlongumine?
Research documents multiple benefits including: senolytic activity (clearing aging cells), selective anticancer effects across multiple cancer types, anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotection in Parkinson disease models, autophagy enhancement, and the ability to reverse drug resistance in chemotherapy[Evidence: A][5]. A PRISMA-guideline systematic review confirms strong evidence for anti-tumor and anti-diabetic properties.
How much piperlongumine should I take?
No validated human dosage has been established through clinical trials. All current dosage data comes from preclinical animal studies. Researchers used 50 mg/kg oral administration in rat models for cancer studies[Evidence: C][12]. Commercial supplements typically contain 5-20 mg per serving, but optimal human therapeutic doses remain undetermined. Consult a healthcare provider before use.
Is piperlongumine safe?
Piperlongumine shows a favorable safety profile in preclinical studies with no hepatic or renal toxicity observed at therapeutic doses in animal models[Evidence: C][12]. However, developmental toxicity has been documented at concentrations as low as 1-2.5 µM in zebrafish embryos[Evidence: C][8]. The compound inhibits CYP3A4 comparable to cyclosporine A, indicating potential drug interactions[Evidence: C][9]. Long-term human safety data is not available.
What is the difference between piperine and piperlongumine?
Piperine and piperlongumine are distinct alkaloids from the same plant family with different mechanisms. Piperine is responsible for black pepper's pungency and primarily enhances bioavailability of other compounds. Piperlongumine has no pungent taste and works through ROS elevation and senolytic activity. Piperine has more human safety data while piperlongumine has stronger anticancer and senolytic research[Evidence: A][5].
🔬 How Does Piperlongumine Work?
Understanding how piperlongumine works helps explain why it selectively affects damaged cells while sparing healthy ones. The mechanism involves multiple interconnected pathways that converge on a single vulnerability in abnormal cells.
Think of piperlongumine as a cellular "stress test" for your cells. Like a building inspector who tests fire alarms, piperlongumine increases oxidative stress that healthy cells can handle through their robust safety systems. However, cancer cells and senescent cells already have compromised defenses, like a building with a broken sprinkler system. When piperlongumine adds more stress, these vulnerable cells cannot cope and are eliminated.
ROS Generation and Selective Cytotoxicity
The primary mechanism involves elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. Piperlongumine inhibits thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and depletes glutathione (GSH), two critical components of cellular antioxidant defense[Evidence: D][3]. Research confirms that blocking this ROS elevation with antioxidants prevents piperlongumine's anticancer effects, proving ROS is the key mediator[Evidence: C][14].
Cancer cells maintain chronically elevated ROS levels due to their rapid metabolism. This makes them uniquely vulnerable. When piperlongumine adds additional oxidative stress, cancer cells cross a lethal threshold while normal cells with lower baseline ROS survive[Evidence: D][2].
Autophagy Induction via Akt/mTOR Pathway
Piperlongumine targets the Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis, a master regulator of cell growth and survival[Evidence: C][12]. By inhibiting this pathway, piperlongumine activates autophagy, the cellular "recycling" process that clears damaged proteins and organelles.
Imagine autophagy as your cell's internal cleaning service. Normally, mTOR acts like a "do not disturb" sign that keeps the cleaning crew away when the cell is busy growing. Piperlongumine removes this sign, allowing the cleaning service to work. This is particularly important for neurons, where autophagy dysfunction contributes to Parkinson's disease. Research shows piperlongumine restores autophagy-apoptosis balance by phosphorylating BCL2 at Ser70[Evidence: C][10].
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms via NF-κB
Piperlongumine modulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, a central regulator of inflammation[Evidence: D][2]. In arthritis models, piperlongumine demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by modulating OPG/RANKL/NF-κB signaling, reducing hind paw swelling and protecting bone structure[Evidence: C][11].
Drug Resistance Reversal
A 2025 study identified a novel mechanism where piperlongumine reverses drug resistance in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. The compound promotes Sp1 protein degradation through ubiquitination via E3 ligase RNF4, destabilizing c-Met signaling that drives resistance to osimertinib[Evidence: C][6]. This synergistic effect in xenograft models suggests potential as a combination therapy agent.
📊 Dosage and How to Use
Important: No human clinical trials have established optimal piperlongumine dosage. All dosage information below comes from preclinical research in animal models and cell studies. These values cannot be directly translated to human doses without clinical validation.
| Purpose/Model | Dosage | Duration | Outcome | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colon cancer chemoprevention (rats) | 50 mg/kg oral | 28 days | Tumor growth inhibition, no hepatic/renal toxicity | [C][12] |
| Developmental safety threshold (zebrafish) | 1-2.5 µM | Acute exposure | Developmental abnormalities observed | [C][8] |
| Acute toxicity threshold (zebrafish) | 5-10 µM | Acute exposure | Strong acute toxicity | [C][8] |
| Drug resistance synergy (cell/xenograft) | Combination therapy | Study duration | 2.3-fold enhanced tumor suppression | [C][6] |
Current Supplement Market
Commercial piperlongumine supplements typically contain 5-20 mg per serving, often as part of longevity or senolytic formulations. However, these doses are not validated through human clinical research. The Life Extension Geroprotect Autophagy Renew product contains 10 mg piperlongumine combined with other autophagy-supporting compounds.
Bioavailability Considerations
Piperlongumine has documented poor aqueous solubility, limiting oral bioavailability[Evidence: D][1]. Nanoformulation approaches including liposomal delivery and nanoencapsulation significantly improve solubility and absorption[Evidence: D][3]. When selecting supplements, formulations using advanced delivery technologies may provide better absorption than standard extracts.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Side Effects by Research Evidence
Preclinical studies report the following findings:
- Acute toxicity: Strong toxicity at 5-10 µM concentrations in zebrafish embryos[Evidence: C][8]
- Developmental effects: Heart formation and blood vessel development affected at lower concentrations (1-2.5 µM)[Evidence: C][8]
- Oxidative stress induction: Inflammatory responses induced through ROS mechanism[Evidence: C][8]
- No organ toxicity at therapeutic doses: No hepatic or renal toxicity observed at 50 mg/kg oral in rat models[Evidence: C][12]
Note: Specific side effect frequencies in humans have not been established through clinical trials.
Drug Interactions
The first CYP450 in vitro oxidation study of piperlongumine identified significant drug interaction potential[Evidence: C][9]:
- CYP3A4 substrates (HIGH risk): Statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin), immunosuppressants (tacrolimus, cyclosporine), many chemotherapy agents. Piperlongumine inhibition is comparable to cyclosporine A, a known strong inhibitor.
- CYP1A2 substrates (MEDIUM risk): Caffeine, theophylline, some antidepressants. IC50 of 7.2 μM documented.
- EGFR-TKIs (potential BENEFICIAL synergy): Osimertinib resistance may be reversed through Sp1 degradation mechanism[Evidence: C][6].
Contraindications
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: CONTRAINDICATED due to documented developmental toxicity[8]
- Individuals on CYP3A4-metabolized medications: Consult physician before use
- Pre-surgical patients: Discontinue 2 weeks before surgery
- Children under 18: No pediatric safety data available
Monitoring Recommendations
Specific monitoring protocols have not been established through clinical research. General recommendations include:
- Inform your healthcare provider before starting supplementation
- Monitor for adverse reactions, particularly if taking other medications
- Discontinue use if unexpected symptoms develop
🥗 Practical Ways to Use Piperlongumine
How to Use This Compound
General usage: Follow product label instructions or consult healthcare provider for appropriate dosing. No human clinical trial has established optimal therapeutic doses.
Why dosage is unclear: Current research does not establish specific therapeutic doses for humans. Studies reviewed used varying amounts in animal models[12][8], but human equivalent doses cannot be reliably calculated without clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
What we know: Studies used oral supplementation in animal models. The 50 mg/kg dose in rats that showed efficacy without organ toxicity[Evidence: C][12] cannot be directly scaled to humans. Commercial supplements typically use 5-20 mg doses.
Formulation Considerations
Piperlongumine has poor aqueous solubility[Evidence: D][1]. Consider these options:
- Standard extracts: Lower cost but potentially reduced absorption
- Liposomal formulations: Enhanced bioavailability through lipid encapsulation
- Nanoencapsulated forms: Research shows nanoformulation approaches improve solubility and bioavailability[Evidence: D][3][13]
Storage: Store in cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Follow product label storage instructions.
Quality Markers to Look For
- Purity level specified (look for ≥95% piperlongumine)
- GMP certification
- Third-party testing with certificate of analysis available
- Standardized extract with clear dosage per serving
- Company reputation and transparency
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Expecting immediate results: Natural compounds typically require consistent use over weeks to months. Animal studies used 28-day protocols[12].
- Self-dosing without guidance: Consult healthcare provider, especially given CYP450 interaction potential.
- Ignoring drug interactions: The CYP3A4 inhibition is clinically significant[9]. Review all medications with a pharmacist.
- Assuming supplement quality: Not all products are equivalent. Verify purity and third-party testing.
⚖️ Piperlongumine vs. Piperine
Both piperlongumine and piperine come from Piper species, but they are distinct compounds with different mechanisms and applications. Understanding these differences helps you choose the right compound for your goals.
| Feature | Piperlongumine | Piperine |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Piper longum (long pepper) | Piper nigrum (black pepper) |
| Chemical Class | Amide alkaloid (C17H19NO5) | Alkaloid amide (C17H19NO3) |
| Primary Mechanism | ROS elevation, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibition | TRPV1 activation, bioavailability enhancement |
| Taste | Not pungent | Pungent (causes pepper "heat") |
| Senolytic Activity | Yes, first natural senolytic identified[4] | Not established |
| Anticancer Research | Extensive (selective cytotoxicity)[2] | Limited |
| Bioavailability Enhancement | Not primary use | Well-established (enhances curcumin, etc.) |
| Human Safety Data | Limited (preclinical only) | More extensive (GRAS status) |
| Traditional Use | Ayurvedic medicine[7] | Global culinary and medicinal use |
| Drug Interactions | CYP3A4 inhibitor (high potential)[9] | CYP3A4 inhibitor (documented) |
Which Should You Choose?
Choose piperlongumine if your primary interest is senolytic activity, anticancer research applications, or autophagy enhancement. The compound has unique mechanisms not shared by piperine[Evidence: A][5].
Choose piperine if you want to enhance the absorption of other supplements (like curcumin), prefer a compound with more human safety data, or want a compound that is more widely available and affordable.
Note that both compounds inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes, so similar drug interaction cautions apply to each.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- Senolytic activity confirmed: Piperlongumine preferentially kills senescent cells through apoptosis induction, with synergistic effects when combined with ABT-263 (controlled cell study)[Evidence: B][4]
- Selective anticancer effects documented: A PRISMA-guideline systematic review confirms anti-tumor properties across multiple study types[Evidence: A][5]
- Drug resistance reversal mechanism identified: 2025 research demonstrates Sp1 ubiquitination pathway reversing osimertinib resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC xenografts[Evidence: C][6]
- Neuroprotection in disease models: BCL2 phosphorylation at Ser70 restores autophagy-apoptosis balance, improving motor function and protecting dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson models[Evidence: C][10]
- No organ toxicity at therapeutic doses: 50 mg/kg oral administration in rats showed no hepatic or renal toxicity over 28 days[Evidence: C][12]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Human efficacy: No Phase II/III clinical trials published. All efficacy data from preclinical studies.
- Optimal human dosage: Studies used widely varying doses in different models. Human therapeutic dose not established.
- Long-term safety: Safety beyond acute/subacute exposure periods unknown. Longest animal study was 28 days[12].
- Lifespan extension: No longevity studies in mammals published despite senolytic mechanism.
- Effects in healthy humans: All studies in disease models or cancer cells. Effects on healthy human physiology unknown.
- Comparative efficacy: No head-to-head studies vs other senolytics (fisetin, quercetin, dasatinib).
Where Caution Is Needed
- Developmental toxicity: Abnormalities documented at concentrations (1-2.5 µM) potentially within pharmacologically active range[Evidence: C][8]
- Drug interactions: CYP3A4 inhibition comparable to cyclosporine A is clinically significant for many medications[Evidence: C][9]
- Bioavailability limitation: Poor aqueous solubility may limit efficacy of standard oral supplements[1]
- Quality variability: No standardized quality markers established. Purity and potency vary between products.
- Pro-oxidant mechanism: The same ROS elevation that kills cancer cells could theoretically harm healthy cells in susceptible individuals.
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Individuals interested in emerging longevity research who understand the preclinical nature of evidence, are not pregnant or planning pregnancy, are not on CYP3A4-metabolized medications, and are working with a healthcare provider.
Not recommended for: Pregnant or breastfeeding women (developmental toxicity documented[8]), individuals on statins, immunosuppressants, or other CYP3A4 substrates without medical supervision, pre-surgical patients, children under 18, anyone seeking proven therapeutic benefits (evidence is preclinical).
Realistic timeline: Effects cannot be predicted from current research. Cellular mechanisms engage within days, but meaningful health outcomes may require weeks to months of use. No validated biomarkers exist to track response.
When to consult a professional: Before starting supplementation (especially if taking any medications), if you have liver disease or impaired drug metabolism, if you develop any adverse reactions, if considering use alongside cancer treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the side effects of piperlongumine?
Preclinical research identifies several potential effects. Zebrafish embryo studies documented developmental abnormalities at concentrations of 1-2.5 µM, including pericardial edema and yolk sac edema, with strong acute toxicity at 5-10 µM[. However, rat studies at therapeutic doses (50 mg/kg oral) showed no hepatic or renal toxicity. The compound's mechanism involves inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which could theoretically cause oxidative damage in susceptible individuals. Human side effect profiles have not been established through clinical trials. Individuals taking medications metabolized by CYP3A4 should be particularly cautious due to documented enzyme inhibition.
Does piperlongumine help with aging?
Piperlongumine is the first natural compound identified with senolytic properties, meaning it can selectively eliminate senescent (aging) cells. Senescent cells accumulate with age and secrete inflammatory factors that contribute to age-related diseases. The landmark 2016 study showed piperlongumine preferentially kills senescent cells triggered by radiation, replicative exhaustion, or oncogenic Ras expression, while sparing proliferating and quiescent cells. Synergistic effects with ABT-263, another senolytic compound, were also demonstrated. However, these findings are from cell culture and animal studies. Whether piperlongumine extends lifespan or healthspan in humans remains unproven. No human longevity trials have been published.
Is piperlongumine effective for cancer?
Extensive preclinical research demonstrates piperlongumine's selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. A PRISMA-guideline systematic review confirms strong evidence for anti-tumor properties. Studies document activity against breast cancer, colon cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and EGFR-mutant lung cancer. The compound induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence while sparing normal cells. A 2025 study showed it can reverse osimertinib resistance in lung cancer. However, no Phase II/III human clinical trials have validated anticancer efficacy. Piperlongumine should not be used as cancer treatment without oncologist supervision.
Can piperlongumine be taken with other medications?
Caution is required due to significant CYP450 enzyme interactions. The first human metabolism study found piperlongumine inhibits CYP3A4 comparable to cyclosporine A, a known strong inhibitor. This affects metabolism of many common medications including statins, immunosuppressants, calcium channel blockers, and chemotherapy drugs. CYP1A2 inhibition (IC50 7.2 μM) may affect caffeine and theophylline metabolism. Interestingly, the combination with osimertinib (EGFR-TKI) showed beneficial synergy in lung cancer models. Always inform your healthcare provider and pharmacist about piperlongumine use before starting any new medication.
What is the bioavailability of piperlongumine?
Piperlongumine has documented poor aqueous solubility, which limits oral bioavailability. This is a recognized pharmaceutical challenge that researchers are addressing through advanced formulation technologies. Nanoformulation approaches including liposomal delivery and nanoencapsulation significantly improve solubility and absorption. A comprehensive review of 26 studies (2012-2023) identified bioavailability enhancement as a key research focus for developing piperlongumine derivatives. When selecting supplements, formulations using these advanced delivery technologies may provide better systemic availability than standard powder extracts.
Is piperlongumine the same as long pepper extract?
No, piperlongumine is one specific compound found in long pepper (Piper longum), not the complete extract. Long pepper extract contains multiple bioactive alkaloids including piperlongumine, piperine, piperlonguminine, and piperic acid, plus flavonoids and other phytochemicals. The concentration of piperlongumine varies by plant part and extraction method. Standardized piperlongumine supplements isolate and concentrate this specific compound, typically to ≥95% purity. If you want the senolytic and anticancer effects documented in research, you need isolated piperlongumine rather than general long pepper extract, which contains relatively small amounts of this compound alongside other alkaloids.
How long does it take for piperlongumine to work?
Timeline varies by mechanism and has not been established in human studies. At the cellular level, ROS elevation and pathway modulation occur within hours to days. Animal studies used 28-day protocols for colon cancer prevention. Senolytic effects (clearing senescent cells) likely require repeated dosing cycles, as cell turnover takes time. The Parkinson disease model study showing neuroprotection used extended treatment periods. For general wellness supplementation, expect weeks to months of consistent use before assessing effects. There are no validated biomarkers to track piperlongumine response in healthy humans. Consult your healthcare provider to establish realistic expectations for your specific goals.
What are senolytic supplements?
Senolytic supplements are compounds that selectively eliminate senescent cells, often called 'zombie cells,' which accumulate with age and contribute to inflammation and age-related diseases. Piperlongumine was identified as the first natural senolytic compound in a landmark 2016 study. Other natural senolytics include fisetin and quercetin. Pharmaceutical senolytics like dasatinib and navitoclax (ABT-263) are also being researched. Piperlongumine showed synergistic effects with ABT-263 in clearing senescent cells. Senolytic supplements are typically used in intermittent 'hit-and-run' protocols rather than daily dosing, though optimal protocols for piperlongumine specifically have not been established in human trials.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . Piperlongumine and its derivatives against cancer: A recent update and future prospective, Archiv der Pharmazie, 2024, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 2 . The promising potential of piperlongumine as an emerging therapeutics for cancer, Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy, 2021, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 3 . Piperlongumine, a potent anticancer phytotherapeutic: Perspectives on contemporary status and future possibilities as an anticancer agent, Pharmacological Research, 2020, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 4 . Discovery of piperlongumine as a potential novel lead for the development of senolytic agents, Aging, 2016, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 5 . A systematic review on Piper longum L.: Bridging traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence for future translational research, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 6 . Piperlongumine overcomes osimertinib resistance via governing ubiquitination-modulated Sp1 turnover, JCI Insight, 2025, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
- 7 . Piper longum L.: A comprehensive review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and health-promoting activities, Phytotherapy Research, 2022, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 8 . Piperlongumine treatment impacts heart and liver development and causes developmental delay in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2023, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
- 9 . Metabolic profile and safety of piperlongumine, Scientific Reports, 2016, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
- 10 . Piperlongumine restores the balance of autophagy and apoptosis by increasing BCL2 phosphorylation in rotenone-induced Parkinson disease models, Autophagy, 2018, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
- 11 . Protective effects of piperlongumine against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats through modulating OPG/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathway, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2024, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
- 12 . Piperlongumine, a piper alkaloid targets Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis to inhibit tumor cell growth and proliferation in DMH/DSS induced experimental colon cancer, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2019, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
- 13 . Piperlongumine: the amazing amide alkaloid from Piper in the treatment of breast cancer, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 2024, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 14 . Piperlongumine Suppresses Proliferation of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis and Senescence, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2016, PubMed | DOI [Evidence: C]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
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