💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
- NAD+ levels decline with age in skin, blood, liver, muscle, and brain tissue, contributing to age-related health issues[Evidence: D][2]
- NAD+ precursors significantly elevate blood NAD+ levels—a meta-analysis of 12 RCTs with 513 participants confirmed this effect[Evidence: A][3]
- Most clinical outcomes are NOT significantly different between NAD+ supplementation and placebo groups in human trials[Evidence: A][3]
- NAD+ supplements are well-tolerated—systematic review of 10 RCTs (489 participants) found low adverse event incidence with no serious side effects[Evidence: A][9]
You've probably heard about NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) in conversations about longevity and anti-aging. With celebrity endorsements and a growing supplement market, it's natural to wonder: does the science actually support the hype?
It's common to feel overwhelmed when researching this topic. The claims range from "reverse aging" to "boost energy," but separating marketing from evidence requires careful analysis. This guide examines what 16 peer-reviewed studies actually show about NAD+ and aging—including what works, what doesn't, and what remains unknown.
NAD+ is a coenzyme found in every cell of your body, essential for energy production and cellular repair. Research confirms that NAD+ levels naturally decline with age[Evidence: D][1]. The key question is whether supplementing with NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR can meaningfully impact the aging process in humans.
In this comprehensive guide, you'll discover the mechanisms behind NAD+ and aging, evidence-based benefits and limitations, safe dosage ranges from clinical trials, and practical recommendations for making informed decisions about NAD+ supplementation.
❓ Quick Answers
What is NAD+?
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in all living cells that plays essential roles in energy metabolism and cellular repair. It functions as an electron carrier in redox reactions and serves as a substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular signaling. NAD+ concentration decreases with age in skin, blood, liver, muscle, and brain tissue[Evidence: D][2].
How does NAD+ decline with age?
NAD+ pools tend to decline with normal aging, obesity, and hypertension through two mechanisms: increased consumption by NAD+-dependent enzymes and decreased production via biosynthesis pathways[Evidence: D][8]. This decline is associated with age-related diseases including cardiovascular conditions, metabolic disorders, and neurodegeneration[Evidence: D][1].
What foods increase NAD+ levels?
Foods containing NAD+ precursors include dairy milk (contains NR), fish (tuna, salmon), poultry, mushrooms, green vegetables, and whole grains. These foods provide vitamin B3 forms (niacin, nicotinamide) that your body converts to NAD+. However, the bioavailability of NAD+ precursors from food is limited compared to supplements, and no clinical trials have established how much dietary intake translates to meaningful NAD+ elevation[Evidence: D][6].
What are the benefits of boosting NAD+ levels?
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs with 412 participants found NMN had significant effects on muscle function based on gait speed[Evidence: A][15]. NMN supplementation (250mg daily for 12 weeks) significantly improved walking time and sleep quality in older adults[Evidence: B][16]. In prediabetic women, NMN increased muscle insulin sensitivity[Evidence: B][10].
How much NAD+ should I take daily?
Clinical trials have used NMN doses of 250-900mg daily and NR doses of 1000-3000mg daily. A dose-dependent trial found optimal efficacy at 600mg daily NMN, with blood NAD+ increasing significantly at all doses versus placebo (p≤0.001)[Evidence: B][5]. Higher doses (up to 3000mg NR) have been tested safely in Parkinson's patients[Evidence: B][14].
Is NAD+ supplementation safe?
A systematic review of 10 RCTs with 489 participants found NAD+ supplementation is safe with low adverse event incidence. Reported side effects (muscle pain, nervous system disturbances, fatigue, sleep disruption, headaches) were all non-serious[Evidence: A][9]. Chronic NR supplementation is well-tolerated and effective for stimulating NAD+ metabolism in healthy middle-aged and older adults[Evidence: B][11].
🔬 How Does NAD+ Work in the Body?
Understanding how NAD+ functions helps explain why scientists are interested in its role in aging. Think of NAD+ as a universal currency that your cells use to conduct hundreds of essential transactions—from converting food into energy to repairing damaged DNA. When this currency becomes scarce with age, cellular operations slow down.
The Energy Connection: NAD+ serves as a critical coenzyme in cellular energy production. It accepts and donates electrons during metabolic reactions, functioning like a rechargeable battery that shuttles between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. This process drives the production of ATP, your cells' primary energy molecule. NAD+ levels naturally decrease throughout life[Evidence: D][6], potentially contributing to the fatigue and reduced cellular function associated with aging.
DNA Repair Pathways: NAD+ is consumed by PARP enzymes (poly-ADP-ribose polymerases) during DNA repair. Age-related NAD+ reduction occurs from both increased consumption by these repair enzymes and decreased production through biosynthesis pathways[Evidence: D][12]. The consequences include diminished sirtuin activation, impaired mitochondrial function, and increased oxidative stress[Evidence: D][12].
The Sirtuin Connection: Sirtuins are a family of proteins that regulate cellular health and have been linked to longevity in animal studies. They require NAD+ to function. When NAD+ levels drop, sirtuin activity decreases, potentially affecting processes like inflammation control, stress resistance, and metabolic regulation. Therapeutic elevation of NAD+ reduces chronic low-grade inflammation and reactivates autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis[Evidence: D][7].
Cardiovascular Implications: NAD+ pools decline with normal aging, obesity, and hypertension[Evidence: D][8]. Preclinical research suggests elevated NAD+ improves atherosclerosis, ischemic disease, and diabetic cardiomyopathy[Evidence: D][8]. However, translating these animal findings to human benefits remains an active area of investigation.
Important Limitation: While NAD+ decline is associated with aging and age-related diseases, evidence for age-related NAD+ decline in humans remains limited to relatively few studies[Evidence: D][1]. Preclinical studies are promising, but human clinical trials show limited efficacy for functional outcomes beyond NAD+ elevation itself[Evidence: D][1].
📊 Dosage and How to Use NAD+ Supplements
NAD+ cannot be taken directly as a supplement due to poor bioavailability. Instead, NAD+ precursors—primarily nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR)—are used to raise NAD+ levels. Clinical trials have established safety and efficacy across a range of doses.
| Precursor | Purpose/Condition | Dosage | Duration | Population | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NMN | NAD+ elevation, metabolic health | 600 mg/day (optimal) | 60 days | Healthy middle-aged adults | [B][5] |
| NMN | Walking speed, sleep quality | 250 mg/day | 12 weeks | Older adults | [B][16] |
| NMN | Muscle insulin sensitivity | 250 mg/day | 10 weeks | Postmenopausal prediabetic women | [B][10] |
| NR | NAD+ metabolism stimulation | 1000 mg/day | 6 weeks | Healthy middle-aged/older adults | [B][11] |
| NR | Cognitive function (MCI) | 1000 mg/day (escalated) | 10 weeks | Older adults with mild cognitive impairment | [B][13] |
| NR | Blood pressure (with exercise) | 1000 mg/day | 6 weeks | Middle-aged/older adults with elevated BP | [B][4] |
| NR | Safety testing (high-dose) | 3000 mg/day | 4 weeks | Parkinson's disease patients | [B][14] |
Key Dosage Findings
Optimal NMN Dose: A dose-dependent clinical trial found clinical efficacy reaches highest at a dose of 600 mg daily. Blood NAD+ increased significantly at all doses (300mg, 600mg, 900mg) versus placebo (p≤0.001), and walking distance improved (p<0.01)[Evidence: B][5]. Lower NMN doses were most effective for reducing insulin resistance[Evidence: A][15].
NAD+ Elevation Magnitude: NR supplementation at 1000mg daily increased NAD+ levels 2.6-fold without adverse effects[Evidence: B][13]. High-dose NR (3000mg daily) increased blood NAD+ metabolites up to 5-fold[Evidence: B][14].
Timing and Administration: Clinical trials typically administered NAD+ precursors orally once daily, often in the morning with or without food. Specific timing recommendations have not been established as a critical factor in efficacy.
⚠️ Risks, Side Effects, and Warnings
Side Effects from Clinical Trials
A systematic review of 10 randomized controlled trials with 489 participants found NAD+ supplementation is safe with low adverse event incidence. Reported side effects include muscle pain, nervous system disturbances, fatigue, sleep disruption, and headaches—all classified as non-serious[Evidence: A][9].
In individual trials:
- 80-participant NMN trial: No safety issues or adverse events reported[Evidence: B][5]
- NMN 250mg for 12 weeks: No adverse effects documented[Evidence: B][16]
- High-dose NR (3000mg): Well tolerated with no moderate or severe adverse events in Parkinson's patients[Evidence: B][14]
- NR crossover trial: Chronic supplementation well-tolerated in healthy middle-aged and older adults[Evidence: B][11]
Drug Interactions
Limited data exists on NAD+ precursor interactions with common medications. Inform your healthcare provider of all medications before use. Theoretical interactions may exist with:
- Blood pressure medications (due to potential additive effects)
- Diabetes medications (due to effects on insulin sensitivity)
- Immunosuppressants (due to effects on cellular metabolism)
Contraindications
Based on available evidence, the following populations should consult healthcare providers before use:
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women (no safety data available)
- Children and adolescents (no pediatric trials conducted)
- Individuals with cancer (theoretical concerns about NAD+ effects on rapidly dividing cells)
- Those scheduled for surgery (discontinue at least 2 weeks prior due to unknown effects)
Monitoring Recommendations
Specific biomarker monitoring protocols have not been established in clinical guidelines. General recommendations include:
- Monitor for adverse reactions during initial weeks of supplementation
- Report unusual symptoms to healthcare provider
- Consider periodic health check-ups if using long-term
🥗 Practical Ways to Use NAD+ Precursors
How to Use This in Your Daily Life
Scenario 1: General Metabolic Health
- Dose: NMN 600 mg daily[5]
- Duration: 60 days minimum to assess response
- Population: Healthy middle-aged adults
- Timing: Morning, with or without food
- What to track: Energy levels, walking endurance
- Expected results: Blood NAD+ elevation (p≤0.001 vs placebo), walking distance improvement (p<0.01)[Evidence: B][5]
Scenario 2: Walking Speed and Sleep Quality
- Dose: NMN 250 mg daily[16]
- Duration: 12 weeks
- Population: Older adults
- Timing: Daily, consistent time
- What to track: 4-meter walking time, sleep quality (daytime dysfunction)
- Expected results: Significantly shorter walking time, improved sleep quality scores[Evidence: B][16]
Scenario 3: Insulin Sensitivity Support
- Dose: NMN 250 mg daily[10]
- Duration: 10 weeks
- Population: Postmenopausal prediabetic women
- Timing: Daily
- What to track: Glucose levels, insulin sensitivity markers
- Expected results: Increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, improved muscle insulin signaling[Evidence: B][10]
Practical Integration
Take your chosen dose at a consistent time daily. Store NAD+ precursor supplements in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Most supplements come in capsule form for convenient daily use.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Expecting immediate results: Clinical trials show benefits emerge over 6-12 weeks of consistent use—not days.
- Inconsistent dosing: Studies used daily dosing[5][16]—sporadic use may not achieve measurable benefits.
- Ignoring lifestyle factors: Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs found NMN had significant effects on muscle function based on gait speed[Evidence: A][15], but combining with exercise may enhance outcomes.
- Starting with high doses: Lower NMN doses were most effective for reducing insulin resistance[Evidence: A][15]—more is not always better.
⚖️ NMN vs. NR: Comparing NAD+ Precursors
The two most studied NAD+ precursors are nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR). Both effectively raise NAD+ levels, but they differ in important ways.
| Feature | NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular Position | One step closer to NAD+ in biosynthesis pathway | Two steps from NAD+ (converts to NMN first) |
| FDA Status | Excluded from dietary supplement definition (2022) | GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) approved |
| Clinical Trial Doses | 250-900 mg/day[5][10][16] | 1000-3000 mg/day[11][14] |
| NAD+ Elevation | Significant at all doses (p≤0.001)[5] | 2.6-fold to 5-fold increase[13][14] |
| Key Human Trial Results | Improved insulin sensitivity, walking time, sleep[10][16] | Well-tolerated, stimulates NAD+ metabolism[11] |
| Populations Studied | Middle-aged adults, older adults, prediabetic women | Middle-aged/older adults, MCI, Parkinson's |
| Safety Profile | No safety issues in trials[5] | No moderate/severe adverse events at 3000mg[14] |
Key Differences
Regulatory Status: NR has clearer regulatory approval (GRAS status) while NMN's supplement status is uncertain following FDA's 2022 decision. This affects availability and quality assurance in the marketplace.
Clinical Evidence: Both precursors have Level B evidence from RCTs. NMN has demonstrated functional outcomes including improved muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women[Evidence: B][10] and walking/sleep improvements[Evidence: B][16]. NR research has focused more on safety and NAD+ elevation rather than functional endpoints[Evidence: B][11].
Preclinical Research Context: In preclinical models, both precursors improve glucose/lipid metabolism, reduce diet-induced weight gain, and provide cardiovascular protection[Evidence: D][6]. However, translating animal benefits to humans has proven challenging[Evidence: D][1].
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- NAD+ precursors effectively raise blood NAD+ levels—meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (513 participants) confirmed significant overall effect of NMN in elevating blood NAD levels[Evidence: A][3]
- Supplementation is well-tolerated—systematic review of 10 RCTs (489 participants) found safe with low adverse event incidence[Evidence: A][9]
- NMN can improve muscle function—meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (412 participants) showed significant effects on muscle mass based on gait speed[Evidence: A][15]
- Specific functional benefits documented: improved insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women[Evidence: B][10], improved walking time and sleep quality in older adults[Evidence: B][16]
- NAD+ decline occurs with age in multiple tissues (skin, blood, liver, muscle, brain)[Evidence: D][2]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Clinical outcomes often don't match NAD+ elevation: Most clinically relevant outcomes were NOT significantly different between NMN and control groups in meta-analysis[Evidence: A][3]
- Human clinical trials show limited efficacy compared to promising preclinical (animal) studies[Evidence: D][1]
- Long-term effects unknown: No trials exceed 12 weeks; safety and efficacy beyond this period unestablished
- Tissue-specific NAD+ correlation not established: Blood NAD+ increases documented but correlation with brain, muscle, or liver NAD+ levels not confirmed in humans
- Lifespan extension not demonstrated in any human study
- Optimal dosing by age not determined—dose-response data exists but not stratified by age subgroups
Where Caution Is Needed
- Exaggeration risk: Meta-analysis explicitly noted exaggeration of NMN benefits may exist, with risk of bias in 7 of 12 studies reviewed[Evidence: A][3]
- Regulatory uncertainty: FDA excluded NMN from dietary supplement definition (2022); product quality and availability may vary
- Drug interaction data limited: No systematic studies on interactions with common medications
- Cancer considerations: Theoretical concerns about NAD+ effects on rapidly dividing cells—not studied in cancer populations
- Cost-benefit unclear: Whether documented benefits justify supplement cost has not been formally analyzed
Should YOU Try This?
Best suited for: Healthy middle-aged and older adults seeking modest improvements in functional markers (walking speed, sleep quality, insulin sensitivity) who understand evidence limitations. Trial populations have included healthy adults age 40+[5], older adults[16], and those with specific conditions (prediabetes[10], mild cognitive impairment[13]).
Not recommended for: Pregnant or breastfeeding women (no safety data), children (no pediatric trials), individuals with active cancer (theoretical concerns), those expecting dramatic anti-aging or life extension effects (not supported by evidence).
Realistic timeline: 6-12 weeks for functional benefits based on clinical trial durations[5][16]. NAD+ blood elevation occurs faster but correlation with health benefits takes longer.
When to consult a professional: Before starting any NAD+ supplementation—especially if taking medications, have chronic health conditions, are planning surgery, or want guidance on appropriate dosing for your situation.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does NAD+ reverse aging?
Current evidence does not support claims that NAD+ supplementation reverses aging in humans. While preclinical studies in animals are promising, human clinical trials show limited efficacy for functional outcomes. A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs with 513 participants found that while NMN significantly elevated blood NAD+ levels, most clinically relevant outcomes were NOT significantly different between NMN and control groups. The gap between NAD+ elevation and meaningful health benefits remains a key limitation of current research. Approximately 12 human clinical trials are underway that may provide more definitive answers.
What is the difference between NMN and NR?
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside) are both NAD+ precursors but differ in molecular structure and regulatory status. NMN is one biosynthetic step closer to NAD+, while NR must first convert to NMN before becoming NAD+. The FDA excluded NMN from dietary supplement definition in 2022, while NR maintains GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status. Clinical trials have used NMN at 250-900mg daily and NR at 1000-3000mg daily. Both effectively raise NAD+ levels with good safety profiles, but NMN has more functional outcome data (insulin sensitivity, walking speed) while NR research has focused more on NAD+ elevation and tolerability.
Can NAD+ supplements help with longevity?
Evidence for NAD+ supplements extending human lifespan does not exist. Animal studies show promising effects on healthspan markers, but these findings have not translated to proven longevity benefits in humans. What clinical trials have shown is that NAD+ precursors can raise NAD+ levels, improve specific functional outcomes like insulin sensitivity and walking speed, and are generally safe. Whether these benefits translate to longer life requires decades of follow-up research that has not been conducted.
What are sirtuins and how do they relate to NAD+?
Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes involved in regulating cellular health, including DNA repair, inflammation control, and metabolic function. NAD+ serves as an essential cofactor that sirtuins require to function. When NAD+ levels decline with age, sirtuin activity decreases, potentially contributing to age-related cellular dysfunction. Age-related NAD+ reduction leads to diminished sirtuin activation, impaired mitochondrial function, and increased oxidative stress. The rationale for NAD+ supplementation is partly based on restoring sirtuin function, though direct measurement of sirtuin activity in human trials is limited.
Are there clinical trials for NAD+ and aging?
Yes, multiple clinical trials have been conducted and more are underway. Approximately 12 human clinical trials are investigating NMN. Published trials include: a meta-analysis covering 12 RCTs with 513 participants, a systematic review of 10 RCTs with 489 participants, and individual RCTs testing NMN in prediabetic women, healthy middle-aged adults, and older adults. NR has been tested in healthy adults, those with mild cognitive impairment, and Parkinson's patients.
Is NAD+ FDA approved?
NAD+ itself is not an FDA-approved drug. NAD+ precursors have varying regulatory status. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has received GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) designation from the FDA, allowing it to be sold as a dietary supplement. However, the FDA excluded nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from the dietary supplement definition in late 2022, creating regulatory uncertainty for NMN products. This does not mean NMN is unsafe—clinical trials report good safety profiles—but affects how it can be marketed and sold. Regulatory positions may change as more research emerges.
How long does it take for NAD+ supplements to work?
Timeline varies by outcome measured. NAD+ blood levels increase relatively quickly—detectable elevation occurs within the trial periods studied. A 60-day trial showed significant NAD+ increases at all NMN doses. Functional outcomes take longer: improved walking time and sleep quality were measured after 12 weeks of NMN supplementation, and improved insulin sensitivity after 10 weeks. Individual response varies based on baseline health status, age, and adherence. Expect 6-12 weeks of consistent use before evaluating effectiveness.
Is NAD+ safe for long-term use?
Long-term safety data beyond 12 weeks is limited. The longest published trials range from 6-12 weeks. Within this timeframe, systematic review of 10 RCTs with 489 participants found NAD+ supplementation is safe with low adverse event incidence—reported side effects (muscle pain, fatigue, headaches) were all non-serious. High-dose NR (3000mg daily) was well tolerated with no moderate or severe adverse events over 4 weeks. However, effects of supplementation over months or years remain unknown. If using long-term, periodic health monitoring and healthcare provider consultation is advisable.
Our Accuracy Commitment and Editorial Principles
At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges, Vinten KT et al., Nature Metabolism, 2025, 7(10):1974-1990. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 2 . The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update, Song Q et al., Advances in Nutrition, 2023, 14(6):1416-1435. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 3 . Efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials, Zhang J et al., Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2025, 65(22):4382-4400. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 4 . Nicotinamide riboside combined with exercise to treat hypertension in middle-aged and older adults: a pilot randomized clinical trial, Lin Y et al., Geroscience, 2025, 47(6):6895-6908. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 5 . The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial, Yi L et al., Geroscience, 2023, 45(1):29-43. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 6 . Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns, Bhasin S et al., Endocrine Reviews, 2023, 44(6):1047-1073. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 7 . NAD+ metabolism and therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular diseases, Shi C et al., Atherosclerosis Plus, 2024, 57:1-12. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 8 . NAD+ Metabolism in Cardiac Health, Aging, and Disease, Abdellatif M et al., Circulation, 2021, 144(22):1795-1817. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 9 . Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions: a systematic review, de Mello Gindri I et al., American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2024, 326(4):E417-E427. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 10 . Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women, Yoshino M et al., Science, 2021, 372(6547):1224-1229. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 11 . Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults, Martens CR et al., Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1):1286. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 12 . Role of endothelial NAD+ deficiency in age-related vascular dysfunction, Csiszar A et al., American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2019, 316(6):H1253-H1266. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: D]
- 13 . A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, Orr ME et al., Geroscience, 2024, 46(1):665-682. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 14 . NR-SAFE: a randomized, double-blind safety trial of high dose nicotinamide riboside in Parkinson's disease, Berven H et al., Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1):7793. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
- 15 . Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation on Muscle and Liver Functions Among the Middle-Aged and Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Wang JP et al., Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2024. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: A]
- 16 . Ingestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults in a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study, Morifuji M et al., Geroscience, 2024, 46(5):4671-4688. PubMed | DOI [Evidence: B]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
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