💡 What You Need to Know Right Away
The HOMA-IR test is a blood test that measures insulin resistance by calculating the relationship between your fasting blood sugar and insulin levels, helping detect metabolic problems years before standard glucose tests show abnormalities.
Also known as: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA Index, Insulin Resistance Index, Homeostasis Model Assessment
- People with higher insulin resistance scores have about twice the risk of developing type 2 diabetes[Evidence: A][1]
- The test correctly identifies gestational diabetes in about 9 out of 10 pregnant women when the score is 2 or higher[Evidence: B][4]
- An insulin resistance score between 2.3 and 3.6 indicates metabolic syndrome risk in children and teenagers[Evidence: A][16]
- Higher insulin resistance scores are associated with increased risk of death from heart disease in adults without diabetes[Evidence: A][17]
If you've been told you're at risk for diabetes, or you're concerned about metabolic health, you're not alone. Many people wonder whether there's a way to catch insulin problems early, before blood sugar levels become abnormal.
It's common to feel overwhelmed when researching metabolic health tests. The good news is that the HOMA-IR test offers a window into your body's insulin function that standard glucose tests often miss. This guide explains what the test measures, what your results mean, and when you should consider getting tested.
You'll learn about normal ranges, how to prepare for the test, what to do if your score is elevated, and how HOMA-IR compares to other insulin resistance tests like HbA1c and fasting insulin.
❓ Quick Answers
What is HOMA-IR test?
The HOMA-IR test is a blood test that measures how well your body responds to insulin. It calculates your insulin resistance score using two measurements: fasting blood sugar and fasting insulin levels. A higher score indicates your cells aren't responding well to insulin, which can lead to prediabetes or type 2 diabetes[Evidence: A][1].
What does HOMA-IR measure?
HOMA-IR measures insulin resistance, which is how effectively your cells respond to the hormone insulin. When you eat, insulin helps move sugar from your blood into cells for energy. The test uses a mathematical formula to calculate how hard your pancreas is working to keep blood sugar normal[Evidence: C][5].
What is the normal range for HOMA-IR?
A HOMA-IR score below 1.0 indicates optimal insulin sensitivity. Scores between 1.0 and 1.9 suggest possible early insulin resistance. Scores of 2.0 to 2.9 indicate likely insulin resistance, while scores of 3.0 or higher suggest significant insulin resistance[Evidence: C][10]. Reference ranges may vary by age, gender, and ethnicity.
Do I need to fast for HOMA-IR test?
Yes, you must fast for 8 to 12 hours before the HOMA-IR test. This means no food or caloric beverages, though water is allowed and encouraged. Fasting is required because the test measures your baseline glucose and insulin levels when your body isn't actively processing food.
Is HOMA-IR test accurate?
HOMA-IR is validated against the gold standard euglycemic clamp test and correlates strongly with direct insulin resistance measurements. For gestational diabetes, it achieves 94.5% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity[Evidence: B][4]. For fatty liver disease detection, it achieves an AUC of 0.792[Evidence: C][7].
How is HOMA-IR calculated?
HOMA-IR is calculated using this formula: (Fasting Insulin in μU/mL × Fasting Glucose in mg/dL) ÷ 405. For example, if your fasting glucose is 95 mg/dL and fasting insulin is 8 μU/mL, your HOMA-IR would be (95 × 8) ÷ 405 = 1.88, indicating possible early insulin resistance.
Can HOMA-IR predict diabetes?
Research shows people with higher insulin resistance scores have about twice the risk of developing type 2 diabetes[Evidence: A][1]. For every standard unit increase in HOMA-IR, diabetes risk increases by about 90%[Evidence: B][13]. The test can detect metabolic problems years before HbA1c becomes abnormal.
What is a good HOMA-IR score?
A good HOMA-IR score is below 1.0, indicating optimal insulin sensitivity. Scores under 2.0 are generally considered acceptable for most adults. For children and adolescents, scores between 2.3 and 3.6 indicate metabolic syndrome risk[Evidence: A][16].
HOMA-IR
Analysis
The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance is the "gold standard" for identifying metabolic dysfunction before it becomes type 2 diabetes.
🔬 How Does HOMA-IR Work?
Think of insulin as a key that unlocks your cells so glucose can enter and provide energy. In a healthy body, the pancreas produces just enough insulin to keep blood sugar stable. The HOMA-IR test measures whether this lock-and-key system is working efficiently.
When insulin resistance develops, your cells become like rusty locks. The key (insulin) doesn't work as well, so your pancreas produces more and more keys to compensate. The HOMA-IR formula captures this by multiplying your fasting insulin level by your fasting glucose level. A higher product means your body is working harder than it should to maintain normal blood sugar.
The mathematical model was developed by Matthews and colleagues in 1985 and has been validated against the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test. Research shows HOMA-IR correlates strongly with direct measurements of insulin resistance[Evidence: C][10].
People with elevated insulin resistance scores have about 50% higher risk of heart attack and stroke[Evidence: A][1] and about 35% higher risk of developing high blood pressure[Evidence: A][1]. Higher insulin resistance scores are also associated with increased risk of death from heart disease and all causes in adults without diabetes[Evidence: A][17].
🧪 What to Expect: The Real User Experience
During the Procedure
The HOMA-IR test requires a standard blood draw (venipuncture). You'll sit in a phlebotomy chair while an elastic tourniquet is applied to your upper arm with moderate tightness for 10 to 15 seconds. The phlebotomist will palpate your vein before inserting the needle.
You'll feel a brief needle stick lasting 2 to 3 seconds, similar to a sharp pinch like a flu shot. An alcohol swab will feel cool on your skin as it evaporates quickly. The actual blood collection takes 1 to 2 minutes, and the entire procedure including check-in takes 5 to 10 minutes.
What You'll Feel After
After the blood draw, you may experience lightheadedness due to your fasting state, not from blood loss. Mild bruising at the puncture site is common and typically resolves in 2 to 5 days. Temporary soreness at the needle site usually lasts less than 24 hours. Many people feel hunger and fatigue from the prolonged fast, which resolves immediately after eating. Results typically arrive within 3 to 7 business days.
How to Make It Easier
- For the fast: Schedule your test for early morning to minimize fasting discomfort
- For hydration: Drink water during your fasting period since hydration helps veins become more visible
- For after: Bring a snack or breakfast to consume immediately after the test
- If squeamish: Look away during needle insertion and practice slow breathing
- To prevent bruising: Apply gentle pressure and keep the bandage on for at least 30 minutes
- For cold hands: Ask the phlebotomist for a warming pack if veins are hard to find
📊 Understanding Your HOMA-IR Results
Your HOMA-IR score tells you how well your body responds to insulin. The table below shows how to interpret your results and what action to consider.
| HOMA-IR Score | Interpretation | Diabetes Risk Level | Recommended Action | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1.0 | Optimal insulin sensitivity | Low | Maintain healthy lifestyle, retest annually | [C][10] |
| 1.0–1.9 | Possible early insulin resistance | Slightly elevated | Lifestyle modifications, retest in 6 months | [C][5] |
| 2.0–2.9 | Likely insulin resistance | Moderate | Consult healthcare provider, lifestyle changes | [C][5] |
| ≥3.0 | Significant insulin resistance | High | Medical evaluation, consider additional testing | [C][10] |
Population-Specific Cut-offs
Children and adolescents: A HOMA-IR between 2.30 and 3.59 indicates metabolic syndrome risk in this age group[Evidence: A][16].
Fatty liver disease screening: A cut-off between 1.9 and 2.0 has been validated across laboratories for identifying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[Evidence: C][10].
Metabolic syndrome: In Brazilian adults, a cut-off of 2.35 indicates metabolic syndrome risk, with higher thresholds for people who are obese[Evidence: C][5].
Important note: Reference ranges may vary by age, gender, ethnicity, and the specific laboratory performing the test. Always discuss your results with a healthcare provider who can interpret them in the context of your overall health.
⚠️ Risks, Limitations, and Considerations
The HOMA-IR test itself is a standard blood draw with minimal risk. The blood collection procedure takes about 5 minutes, and most people tolerate it well. It's normal to feel anxious about medical tests, especially if you're worried about the results.
Procedure Risks
- Bruising: Mild bruising at the puncture site is common (resolves in 2-5 days)
- Temporary discomfort: Soreness at needle site typically lasts less than 24 hours
- Fasting side effects: Lightheadedness, hunger, or fatigue from the 8-12 hour fast
- Rare: Syncope (fainting) occurs in 1-2% of blood draws
⚠️ Important Limitations
- Not a diagnosis: HOMA-IR measures insulin resistance but does not diagnose diabetes. Results should be interpreted by a qualified healthcare provider.
- Fasting required: Results are inaccurate if you've eaten within 8 hours of the test.
- Cut-off variability: Reference ranges vary by population (age, ethnicity, BMI). No single universal cut-off exists[Evidence: C][5].
- Insulin assay variation: Different laboratories use different insulin measurement methods, which can affect results.
- Model limitation: Adding HOMA-IR to standard screening tools (HbA1c, fasting glucose, BMI) does not significantly improve diabetes prediction accuracy[Evidence: C][11].
When Results May Be Unreliable
- Recent caloric intake within 8 hours of test
- Acute illness or infection
- Recent IV glucose administration
- Hypoglycemia symptoms during fasting period
- Certain medications that affect glucose or insulin levels
🥗 Practical Ways to Use HOMA-IR
How to Prepare for Your Test
- Fast 8-12 hours: No food or caloric beverages (water is allowed and encouraged)
- Schedule for morning: This minimizes fasting discomfort and improves result accuracy
- Avoid alcohol: No alcohol for 24 hours before the test
- Continue medications: Take regular medications unless your doctor advises otherwise
- Inform the lab: Tell them if you're pregnant or taking insulin/diabetes medications
- Bring your medication list: Include all current medications and supplements
What to Do If Your HOMA-IR Is High
If your score indicates insulin resistance, research shows lifestyle modifications can improve it. Taking psyllium fiber supplements helped reduce insulin resistance scores by about 1.2 points in people with metabolic concerns[Evidence: A][15].
- Schedule follow-up: Discuss results with your healthcare provider
- Lifestyle modifications: Focus on diet (reduce refined carbohydrates), regular exercise, and weight management
- Rule out underlying conditions: Consider screening for PCOS, fatty liver disease, or metabolic syndrome
- Additional tests: Your provider may recommend HbA1c, lipid panel, or liver function tests
- Track over time: Retest in 3-6 months if elevated, annually if optimal
- Avoid self-treating: Work with healthcare providers rather than making medication changes on your own
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Not fasting properly: Even a small snack invalidates results. Water only for 8-12 hours.
- Expecting immediate diagnosis: HOMA-IR is a tool, not a diagnosis. It requires clinical interpretation.
- Ignoring population variation: A score of 2.5 means different things for different age groups and ethnicities.
- Testing inconsistently: For tracking progress, use the same laboratory and test at the same time of day.
What to Look for When Choosing a HOMA-IR Provider
The quality of your test results depends on the laboratory and healthcare provider. Here's what to consider:
Lab Quality Markers
- CLIA certification: Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) accreditation required
Why it matters: Federal quality standards ensure accurate results - CAP accreditation: College of American Pathologists certification (higher standard than CLIA)
Why it matters: Rigorous proficiency testing and inspections - Turnaround time: Typically 3-7 business days for results
Why it matters: Faster results enable quicker treatment decisions - Insurance acceptance: Verify in-network status before testing
Why it matters: Out-of-network labs can cost 3-5x more
Questions to Ask Your Provider
- What specific markers does this test measure (fasting glucose + fasting insulin)?
- Do I need to fast, and for how long?
- When will results be available?
- Who will explain my results to me?
- What's the cost if my insurance doesn't cover it?
- Can I order this test without a doctor's prescription (DTC option)?
Testing Access Options
- Through your doctor: Insurance may cover when medically indicated
- Direct-to-consumer labs: Ulta Lab Tests, Quest Direct, Walk-In Lab offer HOMA-IR panels without prescription
- Hospital labs: Often more expensive but may be required for complex cases
Red Flags
- No CLIA certification: Unlicensed labs lack quality oversight
- Unusually cheap pricing: May indicate unaccredited lab or limited test panel
- Pressure to add-on tests: Unnecessary tests inflate costs without medical benefit
- No fasting instructions: Any lab not requiring fasting doesn't understand the test
How HOMA-IR Compares to HbA1c and Fasting Insulin
HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and fasting insulin tests all assess aspects of glucose metabolism, but they measure different things and serve different purposes. Understanding these differences helps you and your healthcare provider choose the right test for your situation.
| Feature | HOMA-IR | HbA1c | Fasting Insulin |
|---|---|---|---|
| What It Measures | Insulin resistance (combined glucose + insulin) | Average blood sugar over 2-3 months | Baseline insulin level only |
| Early Detection | Detects IR years before glucose changes[A][1] | Changes later in disease progression | May be elevated before glucose changes |
| Fasting Required | Yes (8-12 hours) | No | Yes (8-12 hours) |
| Best Use Case | Early metabolic risk assessment, PCOS, NAFLD | Monitoring known diabetes, long-term control | Component of HOMA-IR, hyperinsulinemia screening |
| PCOS Assessment | Superior to fasting insulin alone[C][6] | Less specific for insulin resistance | Less comprehensive than HOMA-IR |
| Added Predictive Value | Does not significantly improve prediction beyond HbA1c + glucose + BMI[C][11] | Standard screening tool for diabetes | Limited predictive value alone |
Which Test Should You Choose?
- Choose HOMA-IR if: You want early detection before diabetes develops, you have PCOS or fatty liver disease, or you want to monitor lifestyle intervention effects
- Choose HbA1c if: You have known diabetes and need to monitor long-term control, or you want a convenient test without fasting
- Consider both if: You want a complete metabolic picture. Research shows combined HbA1c and HOMA-IR assessment provides more comprehensive risk stratification[C][19]
Important: This information is for educational purposes. The choice between tests depends on your individual health situation, risk factors, and what your healthcare provider recommends. No single test is universally "better." Discuss your options with a qualified healthcare professional.
What The Evidence Shows (And Doesn't Show)
What Research Suggests
- People with higher insulin resistance scores have about twice the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.40-2.49) based on meta-analysis of 215,878 participants[Evidence: A][1]
- For every standard unit increase in HOMA-IR, diabetes risk increases by about 90%[Evidence: B][13]
- The test achieves 94.5% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity (AUC 0.913) for identifying gestational diabetes at cut-off ≤2.0[Evidence: B][4]
- For fatty liver disease detection, HOMA-IR achieves AUC 0.792 in non-diabetic populations[Evidence: C][7]
- HOMA-IR is validated as superior to fasting insulin alone for assessing insulin resistance in women with PCOS[Evidence: C][6]
What's NOT Yet Proven
- Universal cut-offs not established: Optimal HOMA-IR thresholds vary by age, gender, ethnicity, and BMI. Studies used cut-offs ranging from 1.9 to 3.59 depending on population[Evidence: C][5][16]
- Limited added value for diabetes prediction: Adding HOMA-IR to standard screening tools (HbA1c, fasting glucose, BMI) does not significantly improve prediction accuracy[Evidence: C][11]
- Long-term intervention effects unclear: While psyllium showed benefit[Evidence: A][15], evidence for other specific interventions on long-term HOMA-IR improvement is limited
- Standardization issues: Insulin assay variation between laboratories can affect comparability of results across different testing facilities
Where Caution Is Needed
- HOMA-IR is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot diagnose diabetes or any specific condition on its own
- Results require clinical interpretation in context of overall health, not just comparison to reference ranges
- In women undergoing IVF with normal weight, higher insulin resistance scores may affect pregnancy outcomes[Evidence: C][2]
- For tracking progress over time, use the same laboratory to ensure consistency
Should YOU Try This Test?
Best suited for: People with diabetes risk factors (family history, overweight), women with PCOS, people with suspected fatty liver disease, those wanting early metabolic risk assessment, and individuals monitoring lifestyle intervention effects.
Not recommended for: General population screening without risk factors, people who cannot fast for 8-12 hours, sole basis for treatment decisions (requires clinical context).
Realistic timeline: A single test provides a snapshot. To track meaningful changes, retest every 3-6 months if elevated, annually if optimal.
When to consult a professional: Always discuss results with a healthcare provider. Seek immediate guidance if your score is ≥3.0 or if you have symptoms of diabetes (excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss).
Frequently Asked Questions
How much does HOMA-IR test cost?
HOMA-IR test costs vary depending on where you get tested. Direct-to-consumer labs (Ulta Lab Tests, Quest Direct, Walk-In Lab) typically charge $82-$219 for the insulin resistance panel, which includes both fasting glucose and fasting insulin measurements. Through a doctor with insurance, costs depend on your coverage. Many insurers cover the test when medically indicated (diabetes risk factors, PCOS, metabolic syndrome evaluation), but coverage is inconsistent. Hospital labs are typically more expensive than outpatient draw stations. Call your insurance before testing to verify coverage.
Can I get HOMA-IR test without a doctor?
Yes, you can order HOMA-IR tests directly through consumer lab services without a doctor's prescription. Companies like Ulta Lab Tests, Quest Direct (Quest Diagnostics), and Walk-In Lab offer HOMA-IR panels that you can order online and complete at a local draw station. The trade-off: you get convenience but lose clinical interpretation. DTC results come with reference ranges, but a healthcare provider can better explain what your specific score means given your age, weight, ethnicity, and health history. Consider DTC testing for initial screening, then share results with your doctor for interpretation.
How to lower HOMA-IR naturally?
Research shows lifestyle modifications can reduce insulin resistance. Taking psyllium fiber supplements helped reduce insulin resistance scores by about 1.2 points in people with metabolic concerns . General strategies include: reducing refined carbohydrates and added sugars, increasing physical activity (both aerobic and resistance training), achieving modest weight loss (5-10% of body weight), improving sleep quality, and managing stress. Note that DHEA supplements reduce fasting blood sugar but do not significantly change insulin resistance scores . Work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized plan.
What should I do if my HOMA-IR is high?
If your HOMA-IR indicates insulin resistance (generally 2.0 or higher), schedule a follow-up with your healthcare provider to discuss results. Your provider may recommend lifestyle modifications as the first-line approach, additional testing (HbA1c, lipid panel, liver enzymes) to assess overall metabolic health, screening for related conditions like PCOS, fatty liver disease, or metabolic syndrome, and repeat testing in 3-6 months to monitor improvement. Do not panic. Elevated HOMA-IR is a warning sign, not a diagnosis. Many people successfully lower their scores through diet, exercise, and weight management without requiring medication.
When should I get a HOMA-IR test?
Consider HOMA-IR testing if you have risk factors for diabetes (family history, overweight/obesity, sedentary lifestyle), symptoms of insulin resistance (fatigue after meals, difficulty losing weight, skin tags, dark patches on skin), PCOS or irregular menstrual cycles, signs of fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome components (high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol), or if you want to monitor effects of lifestyle changes on metabolic health. In people with fatty liver disease who don't have diabetes, higher insulin resistance scores and older age appear to predict more severe liver scarring .
Is HOMA-IR covered by insurance?
Insurance coverage for HOMA-IR is inconsistent. Many insurers cover the component tests (fasting glucose, fasting insulin) when ordered by a physician for medically indicated reasons such as diabetes risk assessment, PCOS evaluation, or metabolic syndrome workup. However, coverage varies by plan and insurer. Before testing, contact your insurance company to verify coverage. Ask specifically about CPT codes 82947 (glucose) and 83525 (insulin), which are the component tests used to calculate HOMA-IR. If not covered, direct-to-consumer labs offer the panel for $82-$219 out-of-pocket.
What causes high HOMA-IR?
High HOMA-IR scores result from insulin resistance, where cells don't respond effectively to insulin. Common causes include excess body fat (especially visceral/abdominal fat), physical inactivity, diet high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars, genetic predisposition, PCOS in women, chronic stress and poor sleep, and certain medications. People with acromegaly have moderately higher insulin resistance scores compared to people without the condition . South Asian adults with higher insulin resistance scores have increased risk of developing fatty liver disease . Addressing modifiable factors (diet, exercise, weight) often improves scores.
How long does HOMA-IR test take?
The blood draw itself takes about 5-10 minutes, including check-in and paperwork. The venipuncture (needle insertion and blood collection) takes only 1-2 minutes. However, you must factor in 8-12 hours of fasting before the test. Most people schedule their test for early morning to minimize the fasting window overnight. After the blood draw, results are typically available within 3-7 business days depending on the laboratory. You can eat immediately after your blood is drawn.
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At Biochron, we take health information seriously. Every claim in this article is supported by peer-reviewed scientific evidence from reputable sources published in 2015 or later. We use a rigorous evidence-grading system to help you understand the strength of research behind each statement:
- [Evidence: A] = Systematic review or meta-analysis (strongest evidence)
- [Evidence: B] = Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
- [Evidence: C] = Cohort or case-control study
- [Evidence: D] = Expert opinion or clinical guideline
Our editorial team follows strict guidelines: we never exaggerate health claims, we clearly distinguish between correlation and causation, we update content regularly as new research emerges, and we transparently note when evidence is limited or conflicting. For our complete editorial standards, visit our Editorial Principles page.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals before making changes to your health regimen, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.
References
- 1 . HOMA-IR as a predictor of Health Outcomes in Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention, 2022;29(6):547-564. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 2 . HOMA-IR for predicting clinical pregnancy rate during IVF, Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022;38(1):33-38. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 3 . HOMA-IR: An independent predictor of advanced liver fibrosis in nondiabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2019;34(8):1390-1395. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 4 . Diagnostic Accuracy of Markers of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Insulin Sensitivity (QUICKI) in Gestational Diabetes, Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2021;31(9):1015-1019. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 5 . Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and metabolic syndrome at baseline of a multicentric Brazilian cohort: ELSA-Brasil study, Cadernos de Saude Publica, 2020;36(8):e00072120. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 6 . Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR): A Better Marker for Evaluating Insulin Resistance Than Fasting Insulin in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2017;27(3):123-126. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 7 . HOMA-IR is an effective biomarker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-diabetic population, Journal of International Medical Research, 2023;51(10):3000605231204462. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 8 . HOMA-IR in acromegaly: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Pituitary, 2021;24(2):146-158. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 9 . Understanding Insulin Resistance in NAFLD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Focused on HOMA-IR in South Asians, Cureus, 2024;16(10):e70768. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 10 . Use of HOMA-IR to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based and inter-laboratory study, Diabetologia, 2017;60(10):1873-1882. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 11 . Should insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin secretion (HOMA-β), and visceral fat area be considered for improving the performance of diabetes risk prediction models, BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 2024;12(1):e003680. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 12 . Circulating leptin and resistin levels in myocardial infarction patients with insulin resistance, Journal of International Medical Research, 2025;53(3):3000605251325162. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 13 . Are HOMA-IR and HOMA-B good predictors for diabetes and pre-diabetes subtypes?, BMC Endocrine Disorders, 2023;23(1):39. PubMed [Evidence: B]
- 14 . The yield of early-pregnancy homeostasis of model assessment -insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for predicting gestational diabetes mellitus in different body mass index and age groups, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2023;23(1):822. PubMed [Evidence: C]
- 15 . The effect of psyllium on fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, HOMA IR, and insulin control: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, BMC Endocrine Disorders, 2024;24(1):82. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 16 . Homeostasis Model Assessment cut-off points related to metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, European Journal of Pediatrics, 2019;178(12):1813-1822. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 17 . Fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults: a meta-analysis, Bioscience Reports, 2017;37(5):BSR20170947. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 18 . The influence of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index: A systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2020;55:102583. PubMed [Evidence: A]
- 19 . The correlation between HOMA-IR and cardiometabolic risk index among different metabolic adults: a cross-sectional study, Acta Diabetologica, 2025;62(1):49-57. PubMed [Evidence: C]
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. All readers are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions and before making any changes to their health routine, including starting new supplements.
Neither Biochron nor the author takes responsibility for possible health consequences of any person reading or following the information in this educational content. All readers, especially those taking prescription medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program.
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